Chronology of Events: September 1991 - July 1992

1991

8 September

Independence referendum in Macedonia: 75 percent electorate participation reported; over 90 percent vote for independence. (Le Monde 11 Sept. 1991; RFE/RL 20 Sept. 1991)

26 September

Shooting incidents are reported within the northern and southern borders of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) commanders order army reserve units back to barracks, however, many ignore the order. (Ibid.)

26-30 September

Independence referendum in the province of Kosovo: 87 percent electorate participation (over 900,000 people); 99 percent vote in favour of an independent "Republic of Kosovo." (Radio Croatia 7 Oct. 1991)

1 October

The siege of Dubrovnik by YPA and Serbian and Montenegrin forces begins. (Time 25 Nov. 1991)

7 October

Federal air force jets bomb Zagreb in precision attacks on the office of President Tudjman and other government buildings. The attack takes place while Tudjman is meeting with Yugoslav Prime Minister Ante Markovic and Yugoslav President Stipe Mesic, both Croats. (RFE/RL 18 Oct. 1991)

20 October

The Belgrade-based daily

Borba reports that 1,600 Yugoslav Jews have recently applied for visas to Israel, indicating an increase in anti-Semitic acts, most of them in Croatia. (RFE/RL 17 Jan. 1992)

22 October

Albania recognizes Kosovo as a "sovereign and independent state." (RFE/RL 1 Nov. 1991)

23 October

Yugoslav land and naval forces begin a bombardment of Dubrovnik. The city has been without water and electricity for three weeks. (RFE/RL 1 Nov. 1991)

25 October

Muslims in ten districts in southern Serbia, Montenegro and southeastern Bosnia-Herzegovina vote overwhelmingly in favour of autonomy for the Sandzak region. Despite the banning of the referendum by the Serbian government and the closing ofpolling stations, 70 percent of the electorate participate. (Radio Belgrade Network 30 Oct. 1991; Tanjug Domestic Service 25 Oct. 1991)

26 October

At a press conference in Tirana, the deputy leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo announces the formation of an interim government for the "Republic of Kosovo." Bujar Bukoshi is named prime minister. (ATA 26 Oct. 1991)

4 November

Serbs announce the creation of the Serbian Autonomous Region of Northern Bosnia. Nikola Perisic is elected president of the region's parliament. (Tanjug Domestic Service 4 Nov. 1991)

9 November

Under the supervision of the International Committee of the Red Cross, 700 prisoners-of-war from both sides of the war in Croatia are released. (United Nations 11 Dec. 1991, 7)

Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina hold a referendum in which 98 percent favour an independent Serbian republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. (RFE/RL 28 Feb. 1992, 9)

The Croatian parliament votes to approve "wartime" measures regulating the conduct of media organizations in the republic. Journalists must receive permission to report from the war zones. Those who publish or broadcast information related to military matters without official approval face imprisonment of up to five years. (Tanjug Domestic Service 9 Nov. 1991)

12 November

Croatian leaders in northern Bosnia form the "Croatian Community of the Bosnian Sava," an autonomous region centred around Bosanski Brod. (RFE/RL 28 Feb. 1992, 9)

18 November

Croatia formally surrenders Vukovar to the YPA. Fourteen thousand civilians and wounded trapped in the city are to be evacuated under international supervision. Serbian and Croatian paramilitary forces remain in the city, spawning fears of a massacre of civilians. (RFE/RL 29 Nov. 1991)

Local Croatian leaders in Herzegovina proclaim the creation of the autonomous region of the "Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosna." (RFE/RL 28 Feb. 1992, 9)

20 November

Mines and YPA troops block the evacuation of wounded persons from Vukovar, in violation of an 18 November agreement. Croatian and Serbian governments trade accusations that opposing forces are committing atrocities. (RFE/RL 29 Nov. 1991)

4 December

The Croatian National Assembly passes a law guaranteeing the rights of ethnic minorities in Croatia. The law reportedly allows for the control of police forces, educational institutions and law courts by Serbs in the areas where they predominate. (RFE/RL 13 Dec. 1991)

5 December

Stipe Mesic resigns as President of Yugoslavia and gives up his position on the federal collective presidency. (The Ottawa Citizen 6 Dec. 1991)

9 December

Federal naval forces lift a two-month blockade of Dubrovnik, allowing supplies of food and medicine to enter the city. (RFE/RL 20 Dec. 1991)

18 December

The leader of the Croatian Party of Right (CPR), Dobroslav Paraga, is released after four weeks of detention. Arrested on 22 November 1991, he was charged with the "forceful toppling of legally elected authorities, and the constitutionally established order in the Republic of Croatia." Paraga remains under investigation on those charges. Arrested with him was CPR Vice-President Milan Vukovic. There is no word on the latter's fate. (Tanjug Domestic Service 18 Dec. 1991)

The Krajina region adopts a constitution declaring itself the independent "Republic of Serbian Krajina," and appoints Milan Babic as president. On 23 December, the self-proclaimed autonomous region of Eastern Slavonia joins the Republic. (Radio Belgrade Network 19 Dec. 1991; Tanjug Domestic Service 23 Dec. 1991)

1992

3 January

A UN-brokered ceasefire goes into effect in Croatia. (The New York Times 5 Jan. 1992)

7 January

A helicopter carrying five European Community observers is shot down by a Yugoslav air force jet, killing all five on board. (The Economist 11 Jan. 1992)

9 January

In response to the government's decision to seek independence for Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Serbian portion of the republic's parliament votes to create an independent Serbian republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, consisting of the Serbian autonomous regions in the republic. (Le Monde Diplomatique Feb. 1992; The Ottawa Citizen 10 Jan. 1992)

11-12 January

Ethnic Albanians in Macedonia vote 99.9 percent in favour of political autonomy in several districts of the republic. (AFP 14 Jan. 1992)

15 January

The European Community (EC) recognizes the independence of Slovenia and Croatia. The EC had earlier set out human rights criteria which had to be met for former Yugoslav republics to obtain recognition, however, a report by an EC arbitration commision had indicated that only Slovenia and Macedonia met these criteria. (The Economist 18 Jan. 1992)

Bulgaria recognizes the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia. (RFE/RL 21 Feb. 1992)

27 January

Creation of the Croatian autonomous region of "Middle Bosnia." (RFE/RL 28 Feb. 1992, 9)

2 February

The governments of Croatia and Serbia agree to a UN plan to send peacekeepers to Croatia. (La Presse 3 Feb. 1992)

Leaders of the Republic of Serbian Krajina vote to accept the UN peacekeeping plan in the absence of Milan Babic, who, two hours later, declares the vote invalid. (Libération 4 Feb. 1992)

3 February

Serbia's representative on the Yugoslav collective presidency warns Serbian leaders in Croatia that the army will use force if necessary to ensure the deployment of UN peacekeepers in Croatia. (Reuters 3 Feb. 1992; The New York Times 4 Feb. 1992)

6 February

Turkey becomes the second country to recognize Macedonia. It also recognizes the independence of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. (RFE/RL 21 Feb. 1992)

9 February

Rival factions of the parliament of the Republic of Serbian Krajina meet. In Glina, the faction opposed to leader Milan Babic approves the deployment of UN peacekeepers in the Republic. Meanwhile, loyalist members meet in Knin and vote to submit the UN plan to a regional referendum on 22-23 February. (The Ottawa Citizen 17 Feb. 1992; AFP 11 Feb. 1992)

14 February

About 200,000 demonstrators in Salonika, Greece demonstrate against independence for the Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, claiming that the name of the republic implies a territorial claim on Greece's province of Macedonia. (The Ottawa Citizen 15 Feb. 1992; The Economist 8 Feb. 1992)

16 February

The opposition faction of the Republic of Serbian Krajina's legislature dismisses President Milan Babic. It also invalidates a scheduled referendum on the deployment of UN peacekeepers in Krajina. (UPI 17 Feb. 1992; The Ottawa Citizen 17 Feb. 1992)

Mario Nobilo, a top advisor to the Croatian president, announces inquiries into allegations of war crimes committed by Croatian forces in the past months, adding that "there will be trials." (Reuters 16 Feb. 1992; Le Monde 19 Feb. 1992)

17 February

Milan Babic agrees to the positioning of UN peacekeepers in Krajina but warns that he cannot guarantee their safety. He also demands that peacekeepers from certain countries, especially Canada, be screened. (The Ottawa Citizen 18 Feb. 1992)

At a meeting of EC foreign ministers, Greek Foreign Minister Antonis Samaras states that Greece will recognize Macedonia's independence on condition that it change its name. Greece maintains that the name of the republic implies a territorial claim on the northern Greek province of Macedonia. (Le Devoir 2 Mar. 1992a)

19-20 February

YPA forces mount artillery attacks against towns and villages around Osijek, Sisak and Dubrovnik, as well as on Dubrovnik itself. (AFP 20 Feb. 1992)

21 February

The UN Security Council approves a 14,000-troop peacekeeping force for Yugoslavia. (The Globe and Mail 22 Feb. 1992)

An agreement is reportedly reached between the Yugoslav defence minister and the Macedonian president providing for the complete withdrawal of the YPA by 15 April 1992. Under the agreement, the weapons of the republic's territorial defence force, which are stored in YPA armouries, are to be transferred to Macedonia. (AFP 21 Feb. 1992a)

The Croatian news agency Hina reports that the YPA is destroying civilian homes and property in towns and villages surrounding Dubrovnik. (Ibid. 21 Feb. 1992b)

The loyalist faction of the parliament of the Republic of Serbian Krajina dismisses Interior Minister Milan Martic and President of the Parliament Mile Paspalj. (Ibid.)

24 February

The local head of the electoral committee in Glamoc is shot and killed during violence associated with an upcoming referendum in Bosnia-Herzegovina. At the same time, an explosion damages the office of a Croatian cultural society in Odzak. (Le Devoir 26 Feb. 1992)

29-February - 1 March

Bosnia-Herzegovina holds a referendum on independence, boycotted by most Serbs in the republic. The final results indicate participation by 64.3 percent of registered voters, with 99.4 percent voting for independence. According to observers from the European Parliament, the referendum is fair despite "technical shortcomings" and the boycott by the republic's Serbs. (Tanjug Domestic Service 9 Mar. 1992; Tanjug 6 Mar. 1992; The New York Times 2 Mar. 1992; Radio Croatia Network 3 Mar. 1992)

29 February

The Zagreb newspaper

Vecernji List reports that judicial investigations of more than 1,000 Croats suspected of war crimes committed in the past months have been opened. It states that 40 people implicated in a November 1991 massacre in Saborsko are on trial in Rijeka, and that 1,056 people in the district of Sisak are currently under investigation. At the same time, the government is reportedly examining the cases of 6,500 people in that district accused of "raising arms against Croatia." (AFP 29 Feb. 1992)

1 March

Montenegro holds a referendum on the future status of the republic. On 3 March, the republic's electoral commission reports that 66 percent of the electorate took part and voted 96 percent in favour of remaining in Yugoslavia. (The New York Times 2 Mar. 1992; Tanjug Domestic Service 3 Mar. 1992)

Croatian and Muslim gunmen open fire on a Serbian wedding procession in Sarajevo, killing one man. (Libération 3 Mar. 1992)

In a referendum organized by the Party of Democratic Action, 45,000 ethnic Albanians in three districts of southern Serbia vote in favour of political autonomy and eventual union with Kosovo. (Le Devoir 2 Mar. 1992b)

A bomb explodes at the headquarters of the Croatian Party of Right (CPR) in the eastern Croatian town of Vinkovici. (AFP 2 Mar. 1992)

2-3 March

Serbs and Muslims erect barricades in Sarajevo in response to rising ethnic tensions following the independence referendum in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Armed Serbs manning one of the barricades fire on a group of peace demonstrators, killing two people. Explosions are reported at some barricades in the city. (The Globe and Mail 3 Mar. 1992; The Ottawa Citizen 2 Mar. 1992; La Presse 3 Mar. 1992)

3 March

The commander of the YPA in Knin announces that Croatian paramilitary forces have recently attacked the village of Noskalik in central Dalmatia. According to his report, they abducted 20 civilians, burned homes and fired on clearly-marked medical vehicles. (Tanjug 4 Mar. 1992)

4 March

Muslim and Serbian leaders negotiate an agreement whereby mixed patrols of federal troops and republican police are to negotiate with armed irregulars for the dismantling of the barricades in Sarajevo. Shooting incidents result in a number of people being wounded, according to the Interior Ministry of Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Le Monde 5 Mar. 1992)

9 March

25,000 people demonstrate in Belgrade, calling for the restoration of the Yugoslav monarchy and the resignation of the Serbian government. The rally takes place without incident. (The New York Times 10 Mar. 1992)

10 March

Protesters in Belgrade hold a second peaceful rally. Most are students who call for the resignation of President Milosevic and the republic's government. (The New York Times 12 Mar. 1992)

Although a Serbian leader in Croatia emphasizes that Krajina will "never again be in Croatia," a British press report indicates that Serbs in Knin have not ruled out staying in the republic if Tudjman were to resign as President and there was a "democratic" government in Croatia. (The Independent 10 Mar. 1992)

15 March

The commander of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Croatia orders the first contingent of 410 peacekeepers into UN "protected areas" in Croatia. They are to lay the groundwork for the full deployment of the remaining UN troops. (Le Monde 17 Mar. 1992)

Croatian army sources in the Vinkovci and Vukovar districts report that 80 Croatian families from the village of Boksic have recently fled after threats from "Serbian territorial defense" forces. (Radio Croatia Network 15 Mar. 1992)

18 March

Leaders of the three main ethnic communities in the republic sign an agreement in Sarajevo on the future structure of an independent Bosnia-Herzegovina, which will provide for autonomous ethnic cantons based on the current demographic structures of the republic's districts. (Reuters 18 Mar. 1992; The New York Times 19 Mar. 1992)

22 March

An UNPROFOR spokesperson announces that civilian police monitors from Argentina, Denmark and Sweden have arrived in Belgrade and are preparing to deploy to Croatia. He adds that the first infantry troops are expected by 5 April. (Le Devoir 23 Mar. 1992)

23 March

Muslim and Serbian paramilitary forces occupy key buildings in the eastern Bosnian town of Goradze. A mixed police-YPA unit dispatched from Sarajevo is unable to enter the town. In the nearby town of Foca, the Serbian "crisis centre" decrees a state of emergency and announces preparations to send armed units to Goradze. (AFP 23 Mar. 1992)

26 March

In light of mounting ceasefire violations, UNPROFOR commander General Satish Nambiar announces that the deployment of peacekeepers in Croatia will be accelerated. (Ibid. 26 Mar. 1992)

Croatian Defence Ministry statistics state that 216 people have been killed and 1,378 wounded in fighting since the 3 January ceasefire. Estimates, however, vary. On 18 February, members of the Croatian parliament's Human Rights Committee reported that approximately 200 people had already been killed in violation of the ceasefire. (Radio Croatia Network 15 Mar. 1992; AFP 26 Mar. 1992)

27 March

The Yugoslav news agency Tanjug reports that the YPA has completed its withdrawal from Macedonia ahead of schedule. At the same time, the republic's defence minister announces plans for a future Macedonian army. (Reuters 27 Mar. 1992)

30 March

Negotiations begin in Brussels to work out the details of the accord signed on 18 March in Sarajevo by the Muslim, Serbian and Croatian leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina. (AFP 30 Mar. 1992)

A French news source reports that more than 30 people have been killed in intense ethnic fighting in the northern Bosnian town of Bosanski Brod during the past week. The violence is the worst in the republic since 1 March and, according to United Press International, has involved armoured units of the YPA. (AFP 30 Mar. 1992; UPI 28 Mar. 1992)

2 April

A Serbia-based paramilitary unit, under the command of Zeljko Raznajatovic, attacks the northeastern Bosnian town of Bjelina. (The New York Times 4 Apr. 1992, 3)

3 April

Heavy fighting erupts in the Bosnian towns of Bosanski Brod and Kupres in what Western diplomats assess as an attempt by the republic's Serbs to deter the EC from recognizing the republic. In addition, barricades are erected in Banja Luka, where a logistical base for UNPROFOR is to be located. (Ibid.)

4 April

Clashes continue in Bosnia-Herzegovina, with local journalists reporting that "dozens" have been killed since the previous day. A large explosion in Mostar leads to gunfire throughout the town. President Izetbegovic announces that the republic's presidency has assumed direct control of the national guard units in Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Ibid. 5 Apr. 1992, 3)

The first infantry troops of UNPROFOR arrive in Rijeka. Reports indicate that about 50 people have been killed in ceasefire violations in the past two days. Twelve people died on 3 April during a heavy artillery bombardment of Osijek. (Ibid.;

Ibid. 4 Apr. 1992, 3)

6 April

The EC votes to recognize the independence of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Fighting continues in Sarajevo. (The Globe and Mail 7 Apr. 1992; Libération 7 Apr. 1992)

A seventh day of ethnic fighting continues in Sarajevo, including artillery fire from Serbian positions on the city's periphery. (The New York Times 7 Apr. 1992)

9 April

Zvornik becomes the second major town in eastern Bosnia to fall to Serbian paramilitary forces. Fighting continues in Visegrad and Foca. (The New York Times 10 Apr. 1992)

11-12 April

Numerous ceasefire violations in eastern Slavonia are reported, including artillery attacks on Osijek and Vinkovci. (AFP 12 Apr. 1992)

15 April

YPA and Serbian guerrilla units advance on Foca as fighting between Muslim-Croat forces and those of the YPA and Serbian irregulars continues in Bosanski Brod and Mostar. Serbs loyal to the self-proclaimed Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina control 70 percent of Bosnia-Herzegovina's territory. (The New York Times 16 Apr. 1992)

16 April

Serbian guerrillas backed by YPA forces capture Visegrad. Clashes take place in Foca and Derventa. Gunfire is reported in Sarajevo. (Ibid. 17 Apr. 1992)

17 April

Serbian forces capture Foca, leaving Goradze as the last significant eastern Bosnian town still in Muslim hands. Fighting continues in Derventa, Mostar, Capljina and Bosanski Brod. Gunfire erupts in Sarajevo. (Ibid. 18 Apr. 1992)

18 April

Seven people are killed during an intense mortar attack by Serbian irregulars on Sarajevo. Fighting is reported in Derventa and Srebrenica. (The New York Times 19 Apr. 1992)

21-22 April

Fighting and mortar fire occur in Sarajevo on the eve of a visit by Lord Carrington, the president of the EC-sponsored peace conference on Yugoslavia. (Le Monde 24 Apr. 1992)

22 April

A spokeswoman for the U.S. State Department condemns all sides in the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina, emphasizing that "no party is blameless for the current situation." (The New York Times 23 Apr. 1992)

23 April

The Belgrade daily

Borba reports that police in the city have arrested Dragoslav Bokan, leader of the Serbian paramilitary force the White Eagles. (Ibid. 26 Apr. 1992)

27 April

Serbian and Montenegrin members of the Yugoslav parliament vote to adopt a new constitution for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia consisting only of Serbia and Montenegro. The Constitution had been adopted by the respective republican legislatures during the preceding two days. (BBC Summary 29 Apr. 1992; Libération 26 Apr. 1992)

29 April

A ceasefire in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which had held for five days, is said to be "collapsing." Fighting is reported in at least five towns throughout the republic, as well as clashes in Sarajevo. (The New York Times 30 Apr. 1992)

2 May

Intense fighting involving tanks and mortar fire erupts in Sarajevo. The clashes are considered the most serious in the city since the civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina began. (Ibid. 3 May 1992)

3 May

Serbian paramilitary forces raze the eastern Bosnian village of Hranca. At least four residents are killed. (The Economist 9 May 1992; Libération 5 May 1992)

4 May

The Yugoslav presidency announces that all members of the YPA who are nationals of the newly-proclaimed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia are to leave Bosnia-Herzegovina within 15 days. (The New York Times 6 May 1992)

5 May

Ceasefire violations are reported throughout eastern Slavonia. Nine are killed and 12 wounded in one of the heaviest artillery attacks on Vinkovci to date. (BBC Summary 7 May 1992)

6 May

Croatian and Serbian leaders from Bosnia-Herzegovina meet in Graz, Austria, and draw up an agreement for the eventual partition of the republic between Croatia and Serbia. (Le Monde 9 May 1992)

8 May

The Yugoslav presidency announces a purge of the YPA involving 40 top generals, including Army Chief of Staff and Acting Defence Minister Blagoje Adzic and the Commander of Forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Milutin Kukanjac. (Le Devoir 9 May 1992)

The deputy commander of UNPROFOR warns that "the battle for the partition of [Sarajevo] has already begun" and that members of certain ethnic groups are voluntarily relocating in order to create ethnically pure city districts. (La Presse 9 May 1992)

10 May

Health officials of Bosnia-Herzegovina announce that more than 1,300 people have been killed, 1,900 others have disappeared and 6,700 have been wounded since the outbreak of heavy fighting in the republic in late March. (Le Devoir 11 May 1992)

Yugoslav and Sarajevo news sources both report intense fighting between YPA soldiers and Croatian and Muslim forces in the Herzegovinian city of Mostar. (Los Angeles Times 11 May 1992)

11 May

Twenty-eight people are killed during an intense mortar bombardment of Sarajevo. (The New York Times 12 May 1992)

12 May

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) votes to exclude Yugoslavia from all decisions concerning the developments on the territory of the former country. Most of the EC's military observers in Sarajevo are evacuated to Split, Croatia. (Libération 13 May 1992; The New York Times 13 May 1992)

13 May

UN officials announce the temporary relocation of UNPROFOR's headquarters from Sarajevo to Belgrade and Zagreb, due to the continuing and intensifying fighting in the city. (The Economist 22 May)

YPA officials announce the withdrawal of more than 3,500 soldiers from Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to their home bases in Serbia and Montenegro. (AFP 13 May 1992)

14 May

Fierce fighting including artillery fire in Sarajevo traps 350 staff members of UNPROFOR in their headquarters building, delaying their withdrawal to Belgrade and Zagreb. The fighting, described as the most intense in 40 days of civil war in the republic, is generalized throughout the city. (The New York Times 15 May 1992)

15 May

The second-ranking commander of the Bosnian Territorial Defence forces states that his soldiers have been violating the latest ceasefire in order to break an encirclement of Sarajevo by Serbian paramilitary forces. (Le Devoir 16 May 1992)

According to a Yugoslav news report, Muslim paramilitary forces massacre 150 Serbs near the eastern Bosnian town of Srebrenica. (BBC Summary 18 May 1992)

UNPROFOR officially takes control of the UN-protected zone in eastern Slavonia; ceasefire violations continue, however, and the Croatian news agency Hina reports on 18 May that Serbian paramilitary soldiers executed three people and forcibly displaced 98 Croats and Ruthenians from a village near Vukovar. (AFP 19 May 1992)

16 May

Under artillery fire, 200 UN staff members of UNPROFOR's headquarters in Sarajevo leave the city for Belgrade. One hundred others are to be evacuated within the next two days, leaving behind 120 personnel who will assist in humanitarian aid and in negotiated ceasefires. (The New York Times 17 May 1992)

17 May

Croatian and Muslim forces launch attacks on Serb positions throughout the republic, including an assault on Bosanski Samac in which five people are killed. (AFP 18 May 1992)

18 May

UNHCR statistics indicate that the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina have created almost 1.2 million refugees and displaced persons. (AFP 18 May 1992)

19 May

According to Western news sources, all YPA personnel who are nationals of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have left Bosnia-Herzegovina. The only exceptions are those in barracks in Sarajevo and four other cities in the republic. (RFE/RL 29 May 1992)

22 May

Serious ceasefire violations are reported throughout Croatia. Eleven people are wounded in an artillery attack on Osijek by Yugoslav forces. (AFP 22 May 1992)

The YPA announces a suspension of its withdrawal from Croatia amidts intensifying clashes with Croatian forces. At the same time, an UNPROFOR report condemns human rights violations in eastern Slavonia, including the expulsion of 98 ethnic Ruthenians from a village near Vukovar. (Le Monde 24-25 May 1992)

24 May

Voter turnout is heavy for presidential and parliamentary elections in Kosovo. The sole candidate for president of the "Republic of Kosovo" is Ibrahim Rugova, leader of the Democratic Alliance of Kosovo, the province's largest political party. The elections, declared illegal by Serbia, take place clandestinely in the midst of an increased police and military presence. (Le Devoir 25 May 1992)

27 May

A heavy mortar attack on a Sarajevo market kills at least 20 people. (Le Monde 28 May 1992)

29 May

Mortar and artillery bombardments of Sarajevo by Serbian irregular forces surrounding the city intensify. YPA and Serbian irregular forces also bombard Dubrovnik, only hours after negotiations with UN and Croatian authorities on the continuing withdrawal of the YPA from around the city. (Ibid. 31 May/1 June 1992)

30 May

The UN Security Council votes for extensive sanctions against the two republics of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro. The sanctions include an embargo on oil and commercial air traffic. (Le Monde 2 June 1992)

31 May

Parliamentary elections are held in the newly-proclaimed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Only 56 percent of the electorate participate in the vote, boycotted by all major opposition parties. Serbia's ruling Socialist Party wins 73 of 138 seats while the ultra-nationalist Serbian Radical Party takes 33 seats. Preliminary results indicate that the ruling Socialist Party of Montenegro also gained 23 of that republic's 30 seats. (Le Monde 3 June 1992; The New York Times 5 June 1992)

2 June

Serbian positions in the Sarajevo suburb of Ilidza come under Muslim sniper fire. A report of 30 May by the UN Secretary General states that not all Serbian paramilitary forces fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina are controlled by the Yugoslav and Serbian governments. (The Ottawa Citizen 4 June 1992; The New York Times 3 June 1992)

5 June

Muslim forces lift the blockade of a YPA barracks in Sarajevo, allowing 800 military personnel and dependants to evacuate the city. (The New York Times 6 June 1992)

8 June

The UN Security Council votes to send 1,100 peacekeepers to Sarajevo to secure the airport and protect relief supplies being taken into the city. It authorizes an initial contingent of 60 observers to prepare for the implementation of the plan. Serbian and Muslim forces around the airport agree to come under "UN guard." (The Ottawa Citizen 9 June 1992; The Globe and Mail 9 June 1992)

An intense artillery bombardment of Sarajevo enters its fourth day. Government forces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbian irregulars fight at close range in one suburb as Serbian forces attempt an advance on the city's centre. The republic's president appeals to the United States for air strikes against Serbian artillery positions surrounding Sarajevo. (The New York Times 9 June 1992)

9 June

Twelve members of the Serbian parliament quit the governing Socialist Party of Serbia to form the Social Democratic Party of Serbia. They claim that a total of 38 parliamentarians will join their party, making it the second largest in the National Assembly. (The Globe and Mail 10 June 1992)

Several thousand people demonstrate in the Montenegrin capital of Podgorica (formerly Titograd) against the continuing conscription into the YPA of Montenegrin youth. (The New York Times 13 June 1992)

10 June

A UN team arrives in Sarajevo to begin negotiations on opening the city's airport. (Ibid. 11 June 1992)

11 June

As UN negotiators try to reach an agreement on reopening Sarajevo's airport, the heavy bombardment of the city from Serbian artillery positions enters its seventh day. Ejuc Ganic, the Vice-President of Bosnia-Herzegovina, reiterates the government's request for foreign military intervention, stating that if none occurs, Sarajevo will soon be destroyed. (Ibid. 12 June 1992)

13 June

Amidst warnings from officials of the republic that they are running out of ammunition, Bosnian government forces fail to break the siege of Sarajevo in an attack on the southern suburb of Vranca. (Ibid. 14 June 1992a)

According to survivors' accounts, Serbian paramilitary troops kill 47 captured civilian Muslims 16 kilometres north of Sarajevo. The incident is one of several massacres described by human rights groups and witnesses, and carried out mainly, but not exclusively, by Serbian paramilitary forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina. (Ibid. 21 June 1992)

Protest within Serbia against the republic's government and President Milosevic is mounting, with even pro-government newspapers calling for Milosevic's resignation. (Ibid. 14 June 1992b)

14 June

Leaders of the government of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the republic's Serbian community sign a ceasefire agreement to go into effect the next day. Bosnian Serbian leader Radovan Karadzic agrees to remove Serbian artillery from the vicinity of Sarajevo's airport, a prerequisite for implementing the UN plan to reopen the airport. (The Ottawa Citizen 15 June 1992)

More than 20,000 people gather in Belgrade to pray for peace. (Ibid.)

15 June

The ceasefire in Bosnia-Herzegovina is violated by Serbian artillery fire nine hours after it goes into effect; however, Sarajevo's airport is ready to receive flights. (Le Devoir 16 June 1992; The Ottawa Citizen 16 June 1992)

The Yugoslav parliament elects Dobrica Cosic as the country's new president. Cosic is seen as an ardent Serbian nationalist and staunch ally of Serbian president Milosevic. (La Presse 16 June 1992)

18 June

A humanitarian aid convoy carrying 180 tonnes of food and organized by the French group Equilibre manages to enter Sarajevo. (Le Monde 20 June 1992)

The presidents of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina sign a treaty on military cooperation, authorizing the Croatian army to fight against Serbian irregulars in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Heavy fighting continues in the Herzegovinian city of Mostar, controlled by Croatian forces. (Le Monde 19 June 1992)

20 June

The deputy commander of UN forces in the former Yugoslavia, Major-General Lewis MacKenzie, suspends negotiations to reopen Sarajevo airport, stating that talks would resume after a continuous ceasefire of 48 hours had been observed. (The New York Times 23 June 1992)

Residents of the Sarajevo suburb of Dobrinja report that advancing Serbian forces had taken a well-known local psychiatrist and his son from their home and killed them in front of witnesses. (Ibid.)

A French newspaper reports that about 2,000 people died during the battle for Zvornik in early April 1992. It also cites a Serbian Orthodox priest from the town who denounced the massacre of over 400 civilian Muslims after the fighting had ceased. (Le Monde 20 June 1992)

21 June

An independent Bosnian human rights group, Save Humanity, is reportedly compiling information which indicates that about 50,000 people, mostly civilians, have died in the republic's ten-week-old civil war. The figure is based on reports phoned into the group by regional health authorities, and cannot be confirmed. Previous official Bosnian statistics have put the death toll at 7,000. (The New York Times 22 June 1992)

22 June

Intense mortar and artillery fire from Serbian positions kills 19 people and wounds 87 others in Sarajevo. Like many previous attacks, this one occurs after a lull in fighting draws people into the streets in search of food. (The New York Times 23 June 1992)

25 June

Serbian leaders in Bosnia-Herzegovina announce that their forces will stop shelling civilian areas of Sarajevo immediately. Artillery fire resumes only hours later. (The New York Times 27 June 1992)

26 June

The UN Security Council orders Serbian forces surrounding Sarajevo to stop firing and to withdraw from the city's airport within 48 hours. The Council states that if they do not comply, it will meet to consider additional measures necessary to reopen the airport. (Ibid.)

28 June

In a surprise move, French President François Mitterrand flies into Sarajevo to deliver a "message of hope" to the besieged inhabitants of the city. He lays a rose at a monument built to commemorate 22 civilians killed on 27 May. They had been waiting to buy bread during a lull in the shelling. (The New York Times 29 June 1992a)

About 100,000 people demonstrate against the Serbian government in Belgrade in that city's largest protest rally since the end of World War II. Demonstrators call for the resignation of President Milosevic. (The New York Times 29 June 1992b)

29 June

Serbian forces withdraw and UN peacekeepers take official control of Sarajevo's airport. Two hours later, a French military transport plane lands with relief supplies for the city's residents despite official UN military warnings that the area will not be secure until additional UN forces arrive from Croatia. The UN Security Council orders those forces, consisting of about 800 Canadian peacekeepers, to begin their overland journey to Sarajevo. (The New York Times 29 June 1992a; Ibid. 29 June 1992b)

2 July

After a precarious 48-hour journey from Daruvar, Croatia, Canadian peacekeepers arrive in Sarajevo to secure the airport for flights of humanitarian supplies. According to UN plans, they are to be replaced by 1,500 troops from France, Egypt and possibly Ukraine, within three weeks. (The Ottawa Citizen 3 July 1992)

At least two military transport planes land at the airport with relief supplies for the city's residents. Relief agencies reportedly warn that an air corridor may be insufficient to adequately supply the 300,000 people still in Sarajevo and that a land route may have to be opened. (The Ottawa Citizen 3 July 1992;

The Globe and Mail 3 July 1992)

REFERENCES

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Le Monde Diplomatique [Paris]. February 1992. "Equilibre précaire en Bosnie-Herzégovine."

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The New York Times. 17 May 1992. John F. Burns. "As Cannons Roar, UN Leaves Bosnia."

The New York Times. 15 May 1992. John F. Burns. "Intense Fighting in Sarajevo Traps 350 From UN Staff."

The New York Times. 13 May 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Fear of Serb Onslaught Increases as Europe's Monitors Quit Bosnia."

The New York Times. 12 May 1992. John F. Burns. "Pessimism is Overshadowing Hope in Effort to End Yugoslav Fighting."

The New York Times. 6 May 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Forces in Bosnia Begin to Unravel."

The New York Times. 3 May 1992. John F. Burns. "Sarajevo's Center Engulfed in War."

The New York Times. 30 April 1992. John F. Burns. "Truce Collapsing in Yugoslav Area."

The New York Times. 26 April 1992. John F. Burns. "Cease-Fire Holds in Yugoslav Republic."

The New York Times. 23 April 1992. "Muslims and Croats Faulted."

The New York Times. 19 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Serbian Guerillas Pounding Sarajevo in Defiance of U.S."

The New York Times. 18 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Serb Forces Overrun Town, Threaten U.S. Aid Flights."

The New York Times. 17 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Belgrade Pressed on Truce by Vance."

The New York Times. 16 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Vance Appeals to Serbs to Halt Bosnia Fighting."

The New York Times. 10 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Serb-Backed Guerillas Take Second Bosnia Town."

The New York Times. 7 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Shelling by Serbs in Bosnia Intensifies."

The New York Times. 5 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Bosnia Calls Up Guard and Reserves."

The New York Times. 4 April 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Serbs Attack Muslim Slavs and Croats in Bosnia."

The New York Times. 19 March 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Yugoslav Groups Reach an Accord."

The New York Times. 12 March 1992. John F. Burns. "Orderly Protest Rally in Belgrade Urges President of Serbia to Quit."

The New York Times. 10 March 1992. John F. Burns. "A Monarchist Rally Challenges Belgrade's Rulers."

The New York Times. 2 March 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Turnout in Bosnia Signals Independence."

The New York Times. 4 February 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Yugoslavs Weigh Military Action."

The New York Times. 5 January 1992. Chuck Sudetic. "Yugoslavia Truce Is Largely Holding."

The Ottawa Citizen. 3 July 1992. "Peacekeeping With Power."

The Ottawa Citizen. 16 June 1992. "Fighting Mars Ceasefire, Airport Ready for Flights."

The Ottawa Citizen. 15 June 1992. "Thousands Gather to Pray for Peace."

The Ottawa Citizen. 9 June 1992. "Sarajevo Shelling Intensifies."

The Ottawa Citizen. 4 June 1992. "UN Chief's Report Casts Doubt on Sanctions, Serbs Say."

The Ottawa Citizen. 2 March 1992. "Militants Form Barricades After Plebiscite."

The Ottawa Citizen. 18 February 1992. "UN Forces Acceptable, Babic Says."

The Ottawa Citizen. 17 February 1992. "Ousted Serbian Leader Refuses to Go."

The Ottawa Citizen. 15 February 1992. "UN Has Hopes for Croatian Peace Force."

The Ottawa Citizen. 10 January 1992. "Serbs Declare Own Republic in Bosnia."

The Ottawa Citizen. 6 December 1991. "Yugoslav President Quits."

La Presse [Montréal]. 16 June 1992. "Un autre cessez-le-feu est rompu à Sarajevo."

La Presse [Montréal]. 9 May 1992. "La Bosnie et sa capitale Sarajevo sont menaceés de 'libanisation' et d'anarchie."

La Presse [Montréal]. 3 March 1992. "Sarajevo au bord de la guerre civile."

La Presse [Montréal]. 3 February 1992. "Seul Babic rejette le plan de l'ONU."

Radio Belgrade Network [in Serbo-Croatian]. 23 March 1992. "Kosovo Albanians Announce Elections." (FBIS-EEU-92-16 Mar. 1992, p. 27)

Radio Belgrade Network [in Serbo-Croatian]. 19 December 1991. "Republic of Serbian Krajina Proclaimed." (FBIS-EEU-91-245 20 Dec. 1991, p. 33)

Radio Belgrade Network [in Serbo-Croatian]. 30 October 1991. "Muslim Party Officials Give Sandzak Vote Results." (FBIS-EEU-91-211 31 Oct. 1991, p. 38)

Radio Croatia [Zagreb, in Albanian]. 7 October 1991. "Commission Announces Kosovo Referendum Results." (FBIS-EEU-91-196 9 Oct. 1991, p. 42)

Radio Croatia Network [Zagreb, in English]. 15 March 1992. "Serbs 'Drove Out' Croats From Boksic Village." (FBIS-EEU-92-051 16 Mar. 1992, p. 23)

Radio Croatia Network [Zagreb, in English]. 3 March 1992. "Further Results: Independence Wins." (FBIS-EEU-92-042 3 Mar. 1992)

Reuters. 27 March 1992. "Yugoslav Army Completes Withdrawal From Macedonia." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 18 March 1992. Stephen Brown. "Bosnia Accord Envisages Three Autonomous Regions." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 16 February 1992. Richard Meares. "Croatia Says it is Investigating Human Rights Abuses." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 February 1992. Timothy Heritage. "Yugoslavia Vows to Enforce UN Peace Plan." (NEXIS)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 29 May 1992. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 1, No. 22. "Weekly Review."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 28 February 1992. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 1, No. 9. Milan Andrejevich. "Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Precarious Peace."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 21 February 1992. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 1, No. 8. "Weekly Review."

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 13 December 1991. Report on Eastern Europe [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 50. "Weekly Record of Events."

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 1 November 1991. Report on Eastern Europe [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 44. "Weekly Record of Events."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 18 October 1991. Report on Eastern Europe [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 42. "Weekly Record of Events."

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Tanjug [Belgrade, in English]. 13 March 1992. "EC May Soon Lift Sanctions Against Serbia." (FBIS-EEU-92-051 16 Mar. 1992, p. 16)

Tanjug [Belgrade, in English]. 6 March 1992. "EC Observers Confirm Referendum 'Regular'." (FBIS-EEU-92-046 9 Mar. 1992, p.24)

Tanjug [Belgrade, in English]. 4 March 1992. "Attackers Kidnap Serb Villagers." (FBIS-EEU-92-043 4 Mar. 1992, p. 52)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 9 March 1992. "Final Referendum Results Forwarded." (FBIS-EEU-92-047 10 Mar. 1992, p. 35)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 3 March 1992. "Commission Reports 96% Vote to Stay in Federation." (FBIS-EEU-92-042 3 Mar. 1992, p. 37)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 23 December 1991. "Serbian Region Joins Krajina 'Republic'." (FBIS-EEU-91-247 24 Dec. 1991, p. 22)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 18 December 1991. "Paraga Released From Detention After 28 Days." (FBIS-EEU-91-244 19 Dec. 1991, p. 32)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 9 November 1991. "Confirms Wartime Media 'Provisions'." (FBIS-EEU-91-218 12 Nov. 1991, p. 47)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 4 November 1991. "Northern Bosnia Serbian Autonomous Region Set Up." (FBIS-EEU-91-214 5 Nov. 1991, p. 41)

Tanjug Domestic Service [Belgrade]. 25 October 1991. "Serbia Bans Sandzak Referendum." (FBIS-EEU-91-208 28 Oct. 1991, p. 53)

Time [New York]. 25 November 1991. Jill Smolowe. "The Human Cost of War."

United Nations. 11 December 1991. (S/23280). Report of the Secretary General Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 721 (1991).

United Press International (UPI). 28 March 1992. H. Evans Thomas. "Ethnic Clashes Involve Federal Army, Serbs, Croats and Muslims." (NEXIS)

United Press International (UPI). 17 February 1992. Nesho Djuric. "Serb Rebel Leader Rejects His Ouster." (NEXIS)