Chronology of Events: March 1995 - October 1997

 

GLOSSARY

AKPP     Azad Kashmir People's Party

BLLF      Bonded Labour Liberation Front

CEDAW                Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

CDNS     Council for Defence and National Security

FATA    Federally Administered Tribal Areas

haris   bonded farm labourers

JI             Jamaat-i-Islami

JKNSF    Jammu and Kashmir National Students' Federation

JSTPP     Jeay Sindh Tarraqi Passand Party

KESC      Karachi Electric Supply Corporation

LoC         Line of Control between Azad Kashmir in Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir in India

Madrassah            Islamic religious school

MC         Muslim Conference

MQM(A)               Mohajir Qaumi Movement—Altaf Hussain. In July 1997 the MQM(A) changed its name to Motahidda Qaumi Movement

MQM(H)               Mohajir Qaumi Movement—Haqiqi

MYC       Milli Yakjehti Council

NWFP    North West Frontier Province

PML(N)  Pakistan Muslim League—Nawaz Sharif

PPP         Pakistan People's Party—Benazir Bhutto

PPP(SB) Pakistan People's Party—Shaheed Bhutto

SCBA     Supreme Court Bar Association

SMP       Sipah-i-Mohammad Pakistan (Shi'i)

SSP         Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (Sunni)

STA        Special Anti-Terrorist Court

TJP         Tehrik-i-Jafaria (Shi'i)

ulemas               religious scholars

wali    guardian

MAP

See original

source: Pakistan: A country Study 1984, p.xviii.

INTRODUCTION

As detailed in the following chronology, 1995-97 proved to be a period of violence, uncertainty and political re-organization for Pakistan. In November 1996 the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was dismissed by President Farooq Leghari on allegations of corruption, interfering with the judiciary, and human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings in Karachi. Provincial governments were also dismissed. February 1997 elections resulted in a landslide victory for Mian Nawaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League (PML), and a power-sharing arrangement for Altaf Hussain's Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM(A)) in Sindh province. Yet the ethnic and sectarian violence that marked Pakistan in 1995 and 1996 continued through the summer of 1997, with numerous attacks between rival MQM factions and between rival Shi'i and Sunni Muslim militant groups. In August 1997 the Sharif government passed the Anti-Terrorism Act, giving extra powers to security forces and providing for the establishment of special courts to quickly try suspected terrorists. Other issues included the on-going constitutional battle and power struggle between the Supreme Court and the executive, and the rights of women, religious minorities, and bonded and child labourers.

This chronology succeeds the DIRB's June 1995 Question and Answer Series chronology Pakistan: Chronology of Events January 1994 to February 1995. In addition, the DIRB has produced the following Question and Answer Series papers: Pakistan: Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas (August 1997), Pakistan: Update on the Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) in Karachi (June 1997), and Pakistan: The Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) in Karachi, January 1995-April 1996 (November 1996).

CHRONOLOGY

1995

7 March

In Karachi, Sindh province, two US consular officials, communications technician Gary Durell and secretary Jackie Van Landingham, are killed in their car by unidentified gunmen (AFP 8 Mar. 1995; Reuters 10 Mar. 1995; ibid. 7 Mar. 1995; Europa 1996, 2461). Mark McCloy, a mailroom worker, is wounded in the attack (ibid.). On 5 April a suspect in the case, apparently from the Mohajir Qaumi Movement — Haqiqi (MQM(H)), is killed by unknown attackers, and on 17 April another suspect is killed while fleeing police (Keesing's Apr. 1995b, 40505; DPA 17 Apr. 1995).

15 March

In Karachi, Murtaza Bhutto, the estranged brother of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, launches the Shaheed ("martyr") Bhutto faction of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP(SB)) in opposition to his sister's PPP national government (Keesing's Mar. 1995; AFP 15 Mar. 1995; AP 15 Mar. 1995; Reuters 15 Mar. 1995).

9 April

In Shabqadar, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Dr. Rashid Ahmad is stoned to death by a mob during a court hearing and his son-in-law, Riaz Khan, is seriously injured for allegedly trying to convert another man, Daulat Khan, to the Ahmadi sect (Reuters 9 Apr. 1995; AI 18 Apr. 1995; AP 10 Apr. 1995). According to Human Rights Watch, no one is arrested in the case (1996, 168).

16 April

In Muridkee village near Lahore, Punjab, internationally known child labour activist Iqbal Masih is murdered (AFP 27 Apr. 1995; Le Monde 21 Aug. 1995; Reuters 26 May 1995). According to the Bonded Labour Liberation Front (BLLF), Masih was killed because of his activities against bonded labour in the carpet industry, but police and relatives state that he was killed by a villager as a result of a minor dispute, a finding later supported by an independent Human Rights Commission of Pakistan investigation (ibid.). Shortly after Masih's death, international carpet importers cancel millions of dollars worth of orders for Pakistani carpets (Keesing's Apr. 1995a, 40505). Amnesty International reports in June 1997 that to that date no one has been charged in the murder and that a special inquiry's recommendation to re-open the police investigation has not been acted upon (June 1997). (See also the entries for 5 June 1995 and 16 Jan. 1996)

22 May

In Karachi, armed gangs attack a police armoured personnel carrier with rocket-propelled grenades and armour-piercing bullets (AFP 22 May 1995). The attack coincides with a day of mourning called by the MQM to protest alleged police killings of five of its members, but the MQM denies involvement (ibid.). From 17-22 May the death toll due to political violence reaches 45 as militants, whom security forces believe to be controlled by the MQM, torch cars and shoot indiscriminately, disrupting many functions in the city (ibid.; AP 22 May 1995; DPA 22 May 1995).

28 May

After a series of strikes and demonstrations protesting proposed changes aimed at eliminating possible abuses of the blasphemy law (section 295-C of the Pakistan Criminal Code), Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto announces there will be no changes to the law (AI Feb. 1996a; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1474; AFP 27 May 1995). However, new administrative procedures require that magistrates investigate blasphemy allegations for credibility before charges are allowed to be brought (ibid.). The number of blasphemy charges reportedly drops as a result of the changes (Country Reports 1996 1997, 1465, 1474).

29 May

The Pakistan government bans 40 Sunni religious scholars (ulemas) from entering Sindh province for three months to avoid sectarian strife during Shi'i religious ceremonies associated with Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar (AFP 29 May 1995; Keesing's May 1995, 40548).

5 June

In Lahore, journalist Zafaryab Ahmad is arrested and later charged with sedition for his reporting on the murder of child labour activist Iqbal Masih and for his related activities with the BLLF (UPI 5 June 1995; IFEX 25 Sept. 1995; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1473). By the end of 1996, he was free on bail but his case was still pending in the courts (ibid.). (See also the entries for 16 Apr. 1995, 16 Jan. 1996 and 2 Aug. 1996)

21 June

In the tribal area of Malakand, NWFP, some 70 women defy a tribal ban and participate in a protest aimed at bringing Shari'a or Islamic law to the area (UPI 21 June 1995). According to UPI, in 1994 the government had agreed to set up Shari'a courts in this heavily armed zone on the border with Afghanistan. However, protests continued that Shari'a was not being actively enforced (ibid.).

23-25 June

In Karachi as many as 80 people are killed and hundreds wounded as armed youths from the Mohajir Qaumi Movement—Altaf Hussain (MQM(A)) storm many neighbourhoods and attack police stations, trains, government buildings and vehicles, and MQM(H) rivals (India Today 15 July 1995; AFP 25 June 1995). The violence centres around the killing of S.M. Tariq, central finance secretary of the MQM(A), and the alleged rape by local PPP members of Farzana Sultan, the sister of an MQM(A) member (UPI 23 June 1995; AFP 25 June 1995; Radio Pakistan Network 25 June 1995).

29 June

Six evening newspapers are banned in Karachi under the Maintenance of Public OrderOrdinance for allegedly publicizing sensationalist stories about the violence in Karachi (VOA 29 June 1995; AI Feb. 1996b). After protests by journalists the ban is lifted on 5 July 1995 (Radio Pakistan 5 July 1995). (See also entries for 19-23 Dec. 1995 and 15 Sept. 1997)

12 July

Militants from warring Burhankhel and Mughalkhel tribes clash in Shabqadar, near Peshawar, NWFP, in a battle featuring the use of rockets and mortars: 13 are killed and over 45 injured (Xinhua 13 July 1995). The long-standing feud concerns land around Shabqadar (ibid.).

24 July

Interior Minister Nasirullah Babar announces that in June security forces killed 50 MQM(A) members and arrested 100 others, bringing the year's total so far to over 1,000 people killed in political violence in Karachi (Xinhua 24 July 1995; see also Radio Pakistan Network 22 July 1995).

12 August

In Bara, near Peshawar, 12 people, including five paramilitary soldiers, are killed in fighting with Pathan tribes protesting government attempts to restrict smuggling across the Afghan border (The Bangladesh Observer 13 Aug. 1995, 1; Current History Apr. 1996, 160; Radio Pakistan Network 12 Aug. 1995).

31 August

The Ministry for Women's Development releases a report describing widespread discrimination against women in Pakistan; the major issues identified include low female literacy, high rates of domestic violence and sexual harassment, lack of legal recourse for rape victims, victimization of women in police custody, and suspiciously numerous incidents of kitchen fires, in which women are suspected to have been set on fire by their in-laws or husbands (UPI 31 Aug. 1995).

26 September

At least 36 army officers are arrested on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government and impose strict Islamic law (Keesing's Oct. 1995a, 40776; Europa 1996, 2461; Reuters 15 Oct. 1995; The Herald Nov. 1995, 24-28, 31-33). The officers had apparently been caught with a large shipment of arms bound for Kashmir (ibid.). After several months of in-camera proceedings, on 30 October 1996 four senior officers are found guilty, dismissed from the military and sentenced to imprisonment of between two and 14 years (Pakistan TV 30 Oct. 1996; Reuters 30 Oct. 1996). Others arrested at the outset are quietly dismissed from the military without apparently suffering other punishment (International Herald Tribune 3 Apr. 1996; DPA 16 Jan. 1996).

9 October

In Karachi unknown attackers fire six rocket-propelled grenades at the New Sindh Secretariat building, smashing windows and damaging the building, but without apparently injuring anyone (Radio Pakistan Network 9 Oct. 1995; Xinhua 23 Oct. 1995). On 23 October in a similar attack four men armed with AK-47s and pistols open fire on the office of The News, again without injuring anyone but causing fear and panic (Xinhua 23 Oct. 1995).

12 October

The MQM shuts down much of Karachi with a general strike to protest violence against Mohajirs (AFP 12 Oct. 1995). AFP reports that the MQM has called more than 20 strikes in Karachi to date in 1995, and the city's death toll in political violence for the year tops 1,500 (ibid.).

15 October

In Karachi, unknown gunmen, whom police suspect belong to the MQM, kill five members of a senior police officer's family in an on-going campaign to target police and their relatives (AFP 15 Oct. 1995; FEER 19 Oct. 1995). To date in 1995 as many as 150 police officers have been killed in Karachi in political violence (ibid.). On 21 October Sindh Chief Minister Syed Abdullah distributes compensation cheques of 200,000 rupees ($US6,250) to families of police officers killed in political violence, as well as to 11 other civilians who had been injured by militants (Xinhua 21 Oct. 1995).

12 November

In Lahore a Christian man, Mukhtar Masih, dies in police custody (AP 18 Nov. 1995; Reuters 15 Nov. 1995). Police claim he suffered a heart attack, but Christian groups maintain he was tortured to death (ibid.). Masih had been accused of blasphemy (ibid.).

16 November

In Islamabad a car bomb explodes at the Egyptian embassy, killing 16 people and wounding about 60 others (Europa 1996, 2461; AFP 19 Nov. 1995; Al-Musawwar 29 Mar. 1996). Later 16 Arabs are arrested in connection with the attack, but all are reportedly released on 29 March 1996 (ibid.; Europa 1996, 2461).

9 December

In Karachi, Nasir and Arif Hussain, brother and nephew respectively of MQM(A) leader Altaf Hussain, are killed, spurring an increase in violence in the city. The MQM(A) suspect security forces but the accusation is denied (Xinhua 10 Dec. 1995; Europa 1996, 2461; India Abroad 15 Dec. 1995). Sources estimate between 1,800 and 2,000 people were killed in political, ethnic and sectarian violence in Karachi in 1995 (Country Reports 1995 1996, 1335; HRW Dec. 1996, 176; Reuters 26 Sept. 1996; UPI 12 Oct. 1996).

19-23 December

A series of attacks on the Sindhi-language newspaper Kawish in Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, and Hyderabad results in the ransacking of three Kawish offices, the burning of the paper in several locations and threats against newspaper staff. The attacks, thought to be carried out by Sindhi nationalist Jeay Sindh Tarraqi Passand Party (JSTPP) supporters, follow reports in the paper accusing the JSTPP of extortion (IFEX 4 Jan. 1996). (See also entries for 29 June 1995 and 15 Sept. 1997)

21 December

In Peshawar a car bomb in a busy commercial centre destroys six buildings, kills at least 60 people and injures more than 200 (Libération 23-24 Dec. 1995; AFP 22 Dec. 1995). Among the dead are family members and staff of the provincial Governor Khurshid Ali Khan and Transport Minister Ataullah Jan (ibid.). Pakistani government sources reportedly blame Afghanistan for the attack, and on 26 December senior Afghan diplomat Musa Khan is expelled from Pakistan for "activities incompatible with his status" (AFP 26 Dec. 1995; The Nation 25 Dec. 1995).

1996

2 January

The UN Special Rapporteur reports that "allegedly, 2,432 Ahmadis have been charged in 654 blasphemy cases. Over 500 of those cases, registered under section 295-C [of the Pakistan Penal Code], are reportedly still pending" (UN 2 Jan. 1996).

15 January

In Karachi four people, including one police officer, are killed in different incidents, bringing the death toll in the city for the first half of the month to 66 (AFP 15 Jan. 1996).

16 January

Ashique Siddiqui, secretary to the newly created Human Rights Ministry, announces a media campaign to educate people about their rights and a programme for parents to draw funds to allow their working children four hours of education each day (Reuters 16 Jan. 1996; see also Keesing's Oct. 1995b, 40776). According to Siddiqui almost half of Pakistan's 38 million children between five and 14 do not attend school (ibid.). (See also the entries for 16 Apr. 1995, 5 June 1995 and 2 Aug. 1996)

18-19 January

In Lahore two bombs on successive days destroy a college library and a pharmacy, injuring at least 28 people and burning an estimated 50,000 books (AFP 18 Jan. 1996a; ibid. 18 Jan. 1996b; Radio Pakistan Network 19 Jan. 1996; PTV 18 Jan. 1996).

21 January

The MQM(A) shuts down Karachi with a strike following the deaths of five party members and seven others at the hands of police (AFP 21 Jan. 1996; Radio Pakistan Network 21 Jan. 1996; PTV 20 Jan. 1996). The Karachi death toll for January rises to 83 (AFP 21 Jan. 1996).

11 February

In Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, 30 people are injured when police baton charge a student rally commemorating the death of Kashmiri nationalist Maqbool Butt, who was hanged in India in 1984 (AFP 11 Feb. 1996). Also, in Garhi Dupatta, near Muzaffarabad, another 10 students belonging to the Jammu and Kashmir National Students' Federation (JKNSF) are injured in a clash with rival students (ibid.).

11 March

In a night raid in Karachi, security forces kill MQM(A) activists Naeem Sherri and Amjab Beg in what police describe as an encounter, but which other witnesses claim to be extrajudicial killings (Manchester Guardian Weekly 17 Mar. 1996; Country Reports 1995 1996, 1466; Reuters 11 Mar. 1996; HRW Dec. 1996, 176).

12 March

Pakistan accedes to the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), although with the reservation that accession is "subject to the provisions of the Constitution" (AI 1997, 248; ibid. June 1997; HRCP 1996, 121; HRW Dec. 1996, 176). In June 1997 Amnesty International reports no progress in ensuring equality for women or protection from discriminatory laws (AI June 1997).

19 March

Police raid two madrassahs (religious schools) in Multan, Punjab, and free 64 children found in chains or ropes (The Herald Apr. 1996; AI June 1997; Libération 21 March 1996). Two school officials, Hafiz Ameer Ahmad and Hafiz Tanveer Ali, are arrested then quickly released on bail (ibid.). According to The Herald, many of the parents supported the use of chains, and one of the schools at least was operating as an "informal psychiatric facility for children with delinquent tendencies" (Apr. 1996).

20 March

The Supreme Court, limiting the powers of the government to control the judiciary, rules that appointments to the higher courts can only be made with the agreement of the chief justices of the Supreme Court and the high courts, and denies the government the power to transfer judges at will (FEER 18 Apr. 1996, 27; Radio Pakistan Network 20 Mar. 1996a; Radio Pakistan Overseas Service 28 Mar. 1996). The ruling also puts an end to the government's practice of appointing temporary or acting judges and makes void earlier appointments made without consultation or by non-permanent chief justices (ibid.). The PPP government initially refuses to implement the decision and, until its dismissal in November 1996, fails to fill high court judicial vacancies, causing a large backlog of cases AI 1997, 248; ibid. June 1997; Europa 1996, 2461; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1470; HRCP 1996, 34-36; HRW Dec. 1996, 178).

23 March

The government adopts the Legal Reform Ordinance to formalize the separation of the judiciary and the executive (HRCP 1996, 37; Radio Pakistan Network 20 Mar. 1996b). The ordinance places judicial magistrates under high court control while executive magistrates are placed under provincial control (ibid.). Most criminal cases are transferred to judicial magistrates, although some categories of cases such as local laws will be heard by executive magistrates (ibid.). The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan contends that civil judges are already overburdened and that separation of the judiciary and executive remains incomplete (1996, 37).

April

The Abolition of the Punishment of Whipping Act receives presidential assent. The Act abolishes the use of whipping as a legal punishment except when provided for as hadd, which the Act defines as "the punishment of crimes laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah" (HRCP 1996, 30; UN 15 Oct. 1996).

14 April

In Lahore a bomb explodes in the country's only cancer hospital, killing at least six and injuring over 30 (The Ottawa Citizen 15 Apr. 1996; India Today 15 May 1996; AFP 16 Apr. 1996). The Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Centre had been opened by Imran Khan, a former cricket star who on 16 April announces plans to launch a new political movement in opposition to Benazir Bhutto (ibid.). The attack is one of a series of bomb blasts in Punjab in April and May, with other targets including another hospital, a police station and two buses: in total an estimated 75 people are killed and over a hundred are injured (Europa 1996, 2461; AFP 9 May 1996; ibid. 8 May 1996; ibid. 28 Apr. 1996; The News 13 May 1996; The Herald May 1996).

2 June

Transparency International, a German-based group which monitors international corruption levels, releases a report ranking Pakistan as second most corrupt worldwide (to Nigeria) according to the impressions of international business people (TI 31 July 1997; ibid. 2 June 1996; The Economist 8 Feb. 1997; DWS 24 Mar. 1997). The report is widely discussed and publicized in Pakistan (ibid.).

22 June

In Gilgit in the Northern areas, paramilitary troops fire on demonstrators demanding elections and protesting domination by Pakistan. At least one person is killed and over a dozen are injured (AI 28 June 1996; Dawn 24 June 1996; India Abroad 5 July 1996; PTI 25 June 1996). A curfew is imposed and several people arrested, including Maj. (ret.) Hussain Shah, leader of the United National Party in Gilgit and Baltistan (ibid.).

24 June

In Rawalpindi, Punjab, police open fire on Jamaat-i-Islami (JI) members marching to Islamabad in an anti-government protest (Dawn 25 June 1996; Radio Pakistan Network 24 June 1996). Two people are killed and 80 wounded, including several police (ibid.). According to government reports, nearly one-third of the protesters were armed (ibid.).

30 June

The Azad Kashmir People's Party (AKPP) and allies win the majority of seats in Azad Kashmir assembly elections (AI 1997, 248; ibid. 28 June 1996; All-India Radio 2 July 1996; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1476; India Abroad 28 June 1996). The elections had featured the disqualification of 36 Kashmir National Alliance candidates who had refused to sign a statement agreeing to the eventual accession of Azad Kashmir to Pakistan (ibid.). As well, opposition leaders charged that the removal of identity card requirements resulted in massive vote-rigging, and claimed that hundreds of people protesting the exclusion of the Kashmir National Alliance candidates had been arrested (ibid.).

14 July

In central Karachi police crack down on MQM-Haqiqi members, closing down a reception camp and, according to the MQM(H), arresting 125 supporters in the previous few days (Dawn 15 July 1996). In reaction, MQM(H) supporters riot in the streets (ibid.).

20-21 July

In Lahore, Karachi and other cities opposition parties including the PML(N), JI, TJP and others join forces to protest government policies through strikes and marches (Dawn 21 July 1996; AFP 21 July 1996).

21 July

The Lahore High Court declares banking tribunals and the Special Courts for Suppression of Terrorist Activities to be unconstitutional (Country Reports 1996 1997, 1471; Asia Times 23 July 1996). According to the high court, the government had been appointing unqualified judges to the tribunals and special courts, which according to critics had been used to target opposition leaders (ibid.). However on 25 July 1996 the Supreme Court suspends the Lahore High Court ruling (Xinhua 25 July 1996).

22 July

A bomb blast at Lahore's airport kills four people and injures nearly 60 (Dawn 24 July 1996a; ibid. 24 July 1996b; ibid. 23 July 1996a; ibid. 23 July 1996b; PTV 23 July 1996; AFP 22 July 1996). Also in Punjab province, in Sarghoda, a bomb injures 10 in the city's trading district (ibid.). President Leghari blames "a foreign hand," implying that India is behind these and other recent bombings (ibid.).

24 July

The Karachi daily Dawn publishes an article by Mohammad Hussain Khan exposing widespread use of solitary confinement, handcuffs and bar fetters on prisoners in the Hyderabad Central Jail (AI Oct. 1996; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1467; UN 15 Oct. 1996, 1). In the coming weeks a number of other papers publish similar exposés, and Khan is charged with public mischief, dishonesty and forgery (ibid.). However, subsequent investigations expose widespread abuses in Pakistani prisons (The Herald Sept. 1996a; ibid. Sept. 1996b; ibid. Sept. 1996c; ibid. Sept. 1996d; UN 15 Oct. 1996, 1).

2 August

Following international pressure to halt the practice of child labour, the government announces that contractors supplying children for workshops and small industries will be arrested, and that it has already set up committees across the country to address the problem (IPS 2 Aug. 1996; see also HRCP 1996, 147). Child labour activists, however, criticize the effort for not tackling the overriding problem of family poverty (ibid.). (See also the entries for 16 Apr. 1996, 5 June 1995 and 16 Jan. 1996)

18 August

Shi'is are attacked near Mailsi, Punjab, by Sunni Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) gunmen: fifteen Shi'is and three of the Sunni attackers are killed, with many more injured (UPI 18 Aug. 1996; Reuters 18 Aug. 1996). The attack comes in retaliation for a 14 August attack on an SSP independence day procession in Karachi which left 12 dead and 11 wounded (ibid.). Earlier, on 5 August, SSP attackers killed Syed Tajjamal Abbas, the Shi'i police commissioner of Sarghoda division, Punjab (The Herald Sept. 1996e; ibid. Oct. 1996c; UPI 18 Aug. 1996; Reuters 18 Aug. 1996).

28 August

Sindh chief minister Abdullah Shah reports in the provincial assembly that 354 people had been killed in Sindh in the last two years in "karo kari" or "honour killings": the murder of a relative by male members of the family on suspicion of infidelity or marriage against family wishes (DPA 28 Aug. 1996; HRCP 1996, 127). In many tribal areas, reports Human Rights Watch, "according to tribal custom, any man who suspects a female relative of sexual relations with a man to whom she is not married is obligated to kill both individuals immediately to preserve his family's honor" (HRW Dec. 1996, 177-78). According to AFP, "The system also allows for an accused adulterer to pay compensation to his lover's family, usually after the woman has already been killed by her relatives. Often, the compensation offered is another woman" (12 Apr. 1996).

3 September

In Rabwah, Punjab, a bomb at an Ahmadi place of worship wounds at least 13 of the 30 people gathered for evening prayers (Reuters 3 Sept. 1996).

10 September

In the northwestern Kurram Agency, border area clashes between rival Sunni and Shi'i groups result in large numbers of casualties: 97 dead and 89 wounded according to government figures, as many as 200 dead according to local newspaper reports (Reuters 18 Jan. 1997; AFP 16 Sept. 1996; HRCP 1996, 85).

20 September

Police shoot and kill Murtaza Bhutto, brother of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and seven of his supporters while attempting to arrest some of the supporters in front of Murtaza Bhutto's residence in Karachi (Country Reports 1996 1997, 1466; The Herald Oct. 1996a, 24; The Toronto Star 22 Sept. 1996). (See also the entries for 28 Sept. 1996 and 24 Oct. 1996)

23 September

At least 20 people, mostly children, are killed and many more wounded when gunmen attack a Sunni mosque in Multan, Punjab (Reuters 18 Jan. 1997; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1475; The Herald Oct. 1996c). Sectarian violence between rival Shi'i and Sunni groups claims more than 150 lives in August and September (ibid.).

25 September

Justice Abdul Hafeez Cheema of the Lahore High Court of Pakistan rules in two cases that marriage cannot be contracted without the consent of a "wali" or male guardian (IPS 16 Oct. 1996; AFP 29 Sept. 1996; HRCP 1996, 44-45). The ruling appears to go against Pakistani marriage laws, which state that only the consent of the bride and bridegroom are needed (ibid.).

28 September

In Karachi police officer Haq Nawaz Sial, a key witness to the killing of Murtaza Bhutto, is found dead at home, apparently a victim of his own gun (Reuters 29 Sept. 1996; The Herald Oct. 1996b; AP 24 Oct. 1996). Karachi police call the killing a suicide, but launch a murder investigation at the request of Sial's family (ibid.). No one is arrested (ibid.).

3 October

In a village near Khairpur, Sindh province, an attack by Ujjan tribesmen kills 10 Jatoi tribe members (Reuters 3 Oct. 1996). According to Reuters, inter-tribal clashes have killed over 100 people in the area over the last three years (ibid.).

12 October

Deaths from political, ethnic and sectarian violence in Karachi are estimated at 374 for 1996 to date, down from some 2,000 in 1995 (UPI 12 Oct. 1996).

24 October

In Karachi, upon the recommendation of an independent inquiry, eleven policemen are charged with the murder of Murtaza Bhutto and seven of his supporters (Libération 25 Oct. 1996; Reuters 24 Oct. 1996; AP 24 Oct. 1996). (See also the entries for 19 Dec. 1996 and 8 June 1997)

27-28 October

Anti-government protests and strikes organized by a coalition of opposition groups led by the PML(N) and the JI result in violent clashes between police and protesters in Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad (Libération 28 October 1996, 7; ibid. 26-27 Oct. 1996, 4; Keesing's Oct. 1996, 41323; AFP 27 Oct. 1996).

5 November

President Farooq Leghari dismisses the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) government of Benazir Bhutto, citing corruption, interfering with the judiciary, and widespread human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings in Karachi, as the main reasons (AI 1997, 248; ibid. 5 Nov. 1996; Country Reports 1996 1997, 1465; Asian Survey Feb. 1997, 120-121; Keesing's Nov. 1996, 41365; DWS 5 Feb. 1997). In the following weeks the provincial assemblies are also dismissed and a caretaker government is formed with the promise of February 1997 elections (ibid.). (See also the entry for 30 Jan. 1997)

18 November

A new anti-corruption law comes into effect offering offenders a one-time amnesty if they fully confess and return any money gained through corruption (The Bangladesh Observer 19 Nov. 1996).

24 November

Approximately 35 armed Jatoi tribesmen attack an Ujjan village near Khairpur, Sindh province, burning the village to the ground and killing 11 (AFP 24 Nov. 1996). In October 25 people were killed in inter-tribal fighting in the region (ibid.).

13 December

In Karachi hundreds of demonstrators from Sunni Tehrik battle police to protest the appointment of Kanwar Idris, a Qadiani Ahmadi, to the Sindh cabinet (AFP 13 Dec. 1996; The News 1 Dec. 1996; see also The Nation 20 Nov. 1996). Eight people are injured and seven Sunni Tehrik activists are arrested (ibid.). A 1 December strike called by the Sunni Tehrik over the same issue also turned violent and resulted in seven vehicles being set on fire (ibid.).

19 December

Asif Ali Zardari, husband of ousted Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, is charged with the murder of Murtaza Bhutto (Keesing's Dec. 1996, 41411). (See also the entry for 5 July 1997)

1997

2 January

In Khyber Agency, part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), elders of the banned Tanzeem Ittehadul Ulema, Bara announce their opposition to voting by women, stating that it is not only against tribal customs and traditions but also against Islam (The Nation 2 Jan. 1997; The Frontier Post 4 Feb. 1997). The elders threaten to burn the houses of women registering to vote and to impose fines on men who help women vote (ibid.). The adult franchise for men and women in the FATA was introduced by the caretaker national government for the upcoming elections (The Frontier Post 14 Dec. 1996). (See also the entry for 3 Feb. 1997)

6 January

The caretaker federal government of Malik Meraj Khalid announces the creation of the Council for Defence and National Security (CDNS) to advise the government on national security issues (Keesing's Jan. 1997a, 41447-48; DWS 10 Jan. 1997). The CDNS is to be made up of the president, prime minister, ministers of defence, foreign affairs, and the interior, an adviser to the prime minister on finance, the army, navy and air force chiefs of staff, and the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff committee (ibid.).

18 January

In Lahore a bomb attack outside a court kills SSP leader Zia-ur-Rahman Faruqi and 18 others, including 13 police (Reuters 18 Jan. 1997; DWS 21 Jan. 1997; ibid. 19 Jan. 1997). SSP deputy leader Azim Tariq and as many as 100 others are wounded (ibid.). Later Mehram Ali, a member of a rival Shi'i group, confesses to having planted the bomb to try to assassinate Azam Tariq, and is found guilty and sentenced to death (DWS 21 Jan. 1997; The News International 15 Oct. 1997). On 19 January militant Sunnis, blaming majority Shi'i Iran for supporting Shi'i militants, set fire to an Iranian cultural centre in Lahore (Reuters 19 Jan. 1997). (See also the entries for 20 Feb. 1997 and 17 Sept. 1997)

20 January

Three MQM(A) leaders, including Farooq Sattar, a former mayor of Karachi, are released from prison on parole in order to run in the upcoming elections (AFP 20 Jan. 1997). Also released are two MQM(A) senators, Nasreen Jalil and Aftab Sheikh (ibid.).

30 January

Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's bid to legally block the upcoming general elections fails when the Supreme Court finds that there was enough evidence to support President Leghari's charges of governmental corruption, which the president cited when dismissing Bhutto's government in November 1996 (The New York Times 30 Jan. 1997; DWS 30 Jan. 1997; ibid. 5 Feb. 1997; Keesing's Jan. 1997, 41448). (See also the entry for 5 Nov. 1996)

3 February

In national elections, Mian Nawaz Sharif sweeps into power as his Pakistan Muslim League (PML(N)) wins 134 of 204 contested seats[1]1 in the National Assembly (The Herald Mar. 1997a, 48b; IPU 1997; Keesing's Feb. 1997, 41498). The Pakistan People's Party of Benazir Bhutto (PPP) is reduced from 86 seats in 1993 to only 18 in 1997, while the MQM(A) of Altaf Hussain wins 12 seats (ibid.). Overall turnout is reported to be just under 36 percent (Radio Pakistan Network 11 Feb. 1997).

In the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) voter turnout among females is extremely low, with no women voting in Khyber and Mohammand Agencies, and only one voting in Bajaur Agency despite 300 having registered at the latter. The low turnout is blamed on a ban against female voting imposed by tribal elders in Khyber Agency and traditional tribal customs against female participation in politics (The Frontier Post 4 Feb. 1997). (See also the entry for 2 Jan. 1997)

6 February

In Khanewal, Punjab and the nearby village of Shantinagar, Muslim mobs burn down 12 Christian churches, injure 50 people and destroy more than 250 houses, 80 shops and a school after a rumour is broadcast on mosque loudspeakers that Christians had desecrated pages of the Qur'an (The Times 14 Feb. 1997; Dawn 12 Feb. 1997; AFP 8 Mar. 1997; AI June 1997). In June 1997 Amnesty International reports, "Police are believed to have instigated the incident with the help of Islamist groups in retaliation for the suspension of several police officers disciplined after desecrating the Bible during an earlier raid" (ibid.; see also DWS 7 Feb. 1997; AFP 13 Mar. 1997). (See also entries for 13 Feb. 1997 and 9 Aug. 1997)

13 February

In Karachi thousands of Christian demonstrators protesting the burning of churches in Khanewal clash with police (The Times 14 Feb. 1997; AFP 15 Feb. 1997; Radio Pakistan Network 13 Feb. 1997; The Toronto Star 14 Feb. 1997). About 200 are detained (ibid.). (See also the entry for 9 Aug. 1997)

20 February

In Sindh province, the PML(N) and the MQM(A) reach a power-sharing agreement to allow the two parties to rule in the provincial assembly (The Herald Mar. 1997b, 42; The News 20 Feb. 1997; ibid. 11 Mar. 1997; Radio Pakistan Network 20 Feb. 1997; Pakistan Observer 13 Mar. 1997). Among other issues, the agreement negotiates the division of appointments and cabinet portfolios, and contains commitments to investigate and provide compensation for extrajudicial killings in Karachi and to release from prison MQM members held for political reasons (ibid.).

In Multan, Punjab an Iranian diplomat and seven Pakistani employees are shot and killed in an attack on an Iranian cultural centre (AFP 20 Feb. 1997; DPA 22 Feb. 1997; The Herald Mar. 1997c, 19-20).The Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, a breakaway faction of the SSP, claims responsibility (ibid.). (See also the entries for 18 Jan. 1997, 7 May 1997 and 17 Sept. 1997)

24-27 February

In separate incidents in Lahore, provincial secretary Usama Maud is killed, two SSP members are shot and killed at a mosque, and three people are killed in a bombing at the railway station (Dawn 26 Feb. 1997; DWS 28 Feb. 1997; Reuters 27 Feb. 1997; The Herald Mar. 1997c, 19-20). Police round up over 1500 Sunni SSP, Shi'i TJP and Shi'i Sipah-i-Mohammad Pakistan (SMP) activists throughout Punjab (Dawn 26 Feb. 1997).

6 March

Through an act of the Pakistan National Assembly the death penalty is extended to gang-rape (AI June 1997; ibid. Sept. 1996, 2; ibid. Feb. 1996a; DWS 8 Mar. 1997; ibid. 7 Mar. 1997). According to Amnesty International, also punishable by the death penalty in Pakistan are "murder, blasphemy, zina[2]2 and rape, hijacking and harbouring a hijacker, dacoity (armed robbery), kidnapping a person under the age of 10 with intent to murder, waging war or abetting the waging of war against the state, drug trafficking, planning to or sabotaging the railway system and arms trading" (AI June 1997).

19 March

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif instructs the federal and provincial governments to assemble a list of corrupt officials—those who have charges pending, who appear to be living beyond their means, or who are generally known to be corrupt—and to forward evidence of their corruption by the end of April (Dawn 19 Mar. 1997).

5 April

President Leghari signs into law the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which had been passed unanimously by both the National Assembly and the Senate (DWS 5Apr. 1997, ibid. 2 Apr. 1997; VOA 1 Apr. 1997; Kyodo News 7 Apr. 1997; The Hindu 5 April 1997). The amendment repeals sections of the Eighth Amendment, taking away the power of the president to unilaterally dissolve the national and provincial assemblies (ibid.). As well, the new amendment requires the president to appoint provincial governors on the advice of the prime minister, rather than after merely consulting with the prime minister (ibid.).

16 April

The Supreme Court rules that Pakistan's ethnic and regional quota system for civil service appointments has lapsed and is thus no longer valid (DWS 17 Apr. 1997). In its ruling, the Supreme Court also finds the quota system discriminatory and thus unconstitutional and against Islamic law (ibid.). On 22 October 1997, Justice Ishanul Haq Chaudhry of the Lahore High Court prevents the Federal Public Service Commission from conducting Central Superior Services examinations (Dawn 23 Oct. 1997a). The order comes as a result of the case of Dr. Mohammad Umar Khan, who claims that despite the Supreme Court ruling the quota system is still being used by the civil service (ibid.).

28 April

Armed members of the Sindh nationalist Jeay Sindh Tehrik Party stage a commando raid on the Civic Hospital in Karachi to successfully free their leader Asghar Ali Shah (AFP 28 Apr. 1997; The News 7 May 1997a). Shah had been sentenced to death by a special anti-terrorist court in 1996 and was in hospital for treatment for an unspecified illness (AFP 28 Apr. 1997). Two police are killed and three other people injured in the raid (ibid.).

7 May

In Gujranwala, Punjab, Senior Superintendent of Police Mohammad Ashraf Marth is shot and killed outside his residence by three gunmen on motorcycles. The attack also kills Marth's driver and wounds two bodyguards (The Nation 7 May 1997; The News 7 May 1997b; Dawn 8 May 1997; ibid. 7 May 1997a; ibid. 7 May 1997b). On the same day, SSP leader Maulana Azam Tariq, also a member of the provincial assembly, is arrested in Lahore in connection with the killings (ibid.). The Lashkar-e-Jhangvi later claims responsibility, apparently killing Marth in retaliation for arrests he had made of Lashkar members suspected in the 20 February 1997 bombing of an Iranian cultural centre in Multan (IPS 27 May 1997; see also Reuters 6 May 1997). (See entry for 20 Feb. 1997)

Governments in Sindh and NWFP ban several Sunni and Shi'i Ulema from entry for the next two to three months in an effort to avoid sectarian violence during Muharram (The News 7 May 1997c; ibid. 7 May 1997d). Reuters estimates that about 70 people have been killed in violence between Sunnis and Shi'is so far in 1997 (4 May 1997). (See also the entry for 29 May 1995)

The News reports that in Karachi so far in 1997 there have been at least 24 political killings, as well as over 80 other murders; many of the bodies have shown signs of torture (7 May 1997a). According to the report, of the political killings, 12 belong to the MQM(H), eight to the MQM(A), and one each to TJP, Tehrik-i-Insaaf, the PML(N), and the Pakhtoon Students Federation (ibid.).

10 May

Throughout Punjab province police make raids against the Sunni SSP, arresting 45 activists (The News 11 May 1997; Dawn 13 May 1997). The remaining SSP leadership complains that the SSP is being singled out for punishment (ibid.).

5 June

In Lahore, Lahore High Court advocate Ghulam Mustafa Jafri is killed by two unidentified gunmen in what is apparently a sectarian killing (Dawn 25 June 1997; The News 12 June 1997a). In reaction, lawyers stage protest strikes in Lahore and other cities and towns in Punjab (ibid.).

8 June

The Sindh government releases the report of a three-member judicial tribunal investigating the 20 September 1996 deaths of Murtaza Bhutto and seven supporters (Dawn 9 June 1997a; ibid. 11 June 1997; The News 16 June 1997c). The tribunal calls the act an extrajudicial killing by police acting under the orders of an unknown higher authority (ibid.). (See also the entry for 5 July 1997)

18 June

In Karachi police report 63 killings in political, sectarian or ethnic violence in the first two weeks of June, including six MQM(A) activists and four rival MQM(H) activists (The News 18 June 1997b; ibid. 16 June 1997a; ibid. 16 June 1997b; ibid. 12 June 1997b; Dawn 19 June 1997; ibid. 7 June). As a result of the violence MQM(A) leader Altaf Hussain orders the closure of all MQM(A) offices in Karachi, and an unofficial strike closes the city for three days (Dawn 18 June 1997; The News 18 June 1997a; The Herald July 1997, 26).

19 June

In Vihari, Punjab, local Ahmadi leader Ateeq Ahmad Bajwah and his driver are shot and killed (AI 24 July 1997). Amnesty International reports on 24 July 1997 that to the best of its knowledge "the police have not investigated the killing and no one has yet been arrested" (ibid.). (See also the entry for 25 June 1997)

24 June

In Lahore, among five people killed in sectarian violence is Rao Khalil Ahmad Khan, counsel to SSP leader Azam Tariq (Dawn 25 June 1997). Khan is shot and killed on his motorcycle (ibid.).

25 June

In Pattoki, Punjab, two Ahmadis, Bashir-ul-Haq and his nephew Mobasher Javed, are arrested for displaying a Qur'anic saying in their shop and for preaching their faith (AI 24 July 1997; ibid. June 1997). They are granted bail on 4 July but have it revoked a week later after local protests (ibid.). According to Amnesty International charges are pending against more than 2,000 Ahmadis, with 119 facing blasphemy charges under section 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code (ibid.). At the end of 1996 all but six of the Ahmadis charged with blasphemy were free on bail, but many Ahmadis had been charged in several different cases and thus had to spend a great deal of time travelling to and attending court (ibid.).

27 June

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announces the creation of a judicial commission to investigate extrajudicial killings in Karachi (DWS 28 June 1997). The three-member commission is headed by Supreme Court Justice Munawwar Ahmed Mirza, and also includes retired Supreme Court Justice Wali Mohammad and a retired High Court Justice, G.H. Malik (ibid.). The Herald reports in August 1997, however, that the commission has not yet begun functioning, apparently due to pressure from law enforcement agencies to not investigate extrajudicial killings (49).

In Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, two people are killed and several others injured in violence between supporters of the opposition Muslim Conference (MC) and the ruling AKPP

(Dawn 27 June 1997). The MC had staged a strike in protest of alleged election-rigging of 12 seats reserved for Kashmiri refugees in the 30 June 1996 elections (ibid.).

1 July

In Shikarpur, Sindh province the Sindh Minister for Food, Maqbool Sheikh, makes an unplanned visit to a police station and frees eleven people held in unacknowledged detention (Dawn 2 July 1997). The prisoners were being kept in bar fetters (ibid.).

2 July

In Lahore, Qari Umar Hayat, an Imam and activist with the SSP, is shot and killed by two motorcyclists (Dawn 3 July 1997a). In a continuing crackdown in the province police arrest some 42 rival TJP and 50 SSP activists in Lahore and over 200 SSP and TJP members in Gujranwala (ibid. 4 July 1997; ibid. 3 July 1997b).

5 July

In Karachi, Malik Shahid Hamid, managing director of the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC), is killed in an ambush along with his driver and his bodyguard (DWS 6 July 1997a; AFP 7 July 1997). In the following two weeks police round up some 2,000 people in a campaign to cut down on violent crime (AFP 19 July 1997; The Herald Aug. 1997a, 47-49).

In Karachi a sessions court indicts Asif Ali Zardari, the husband of PPP leader and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and 19 others, on conspiracy charges in the 20 September 1996 killing of Murtaza Bhutto and seven of his supporters (India Abroad 11 July 1997; DWS 6 July 1997b). Among those also indicted are the former Deputy Inspector General of Karachi Police Shoaib Suddle, the former Intelligence Bureau Chief Masood Sharif, and the former Senior Superintendent of Police Wajid Durrani (ibid.).

14 July

The federal government announces it will add 90 new Special Anti-Terrorist Courts (STAs) in Punjab, Sindh and NWFP: 48 are to be added to the 15 currently operating in Punjab, 27 will be added to the 10 operating in Sindh, and 15 are to be established in NWFP (The News 14 July 1997).

20 July

The official death toll in Karachi from ethnic, political and factional violence to date in 1997 is 392, the same figure as it was for the same period in 1996 (The Herald Aug. 1997a, 48). According to The Herald, police have been unable to solve any major case of terrorism for the year (ibid., 47).

26 July

The Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) changes its name to Motahidda Qaumi Movement (MQM) in an effort to broaden its base by opening the party to non-Urdu speaking people (DPA 26 July 1997; Washington Post 27 July 1997).

Punjab chief minister Shahbaz Sharif announces the creation of a 500-member Elite Police Force in Punjab to fight terrorism and sectarianism in the province (DWS 26 July 1997; DPA 28 July 1997).

5-9 August

The Pakistan Law Commission releases a series of reports and studies on the criminal justice system and jail reforms (Dawn 5 Aug. 1997a; ibid. 9 Aug. 1997; ibid. 10 Aug. 1997b). The Law Commission reports that delays in trials can last for years[3]3 and as a result more than two-thirds of prisoners are awaiting trial, and that the system suffers from a chronic shortage of judges and staff who are given inadequate training, facilities and equipment (ibid. 5 aug. 1997a). Among its recommendations the commission advises against the creation of special courts to speed up the process, noting that "Special courts created outside the regular judicial system are generally abhorred and detested by the people, and rightly so, as in the past, they were used as instruments of victimisation against opponents" (Dawn 5 Aug. 1997a). Pakistani jails in general house more than double the number of prisoners they were designed to hold (ibid. 9 Aug. 1997). The Law Commission also recommends that the government abolish the practice of punishing prisoners with bar fetters and whipping (ibid.).

5 August

In Lahore Mian Arshad is gunned down, just one of thirteen sectarian-related deaths in Punjab for the day (Dawn 5 Aug. 1997b; AFP 4 Aug. 1997). Arshad, a senior advocate of the Lahore High Court, had appeared as counsel for the Sunni militant group SSP. The sectarian-related death toll in Punjab for 1997 to date: 149, with over 150 injured (Dawn 5 Aug. 1997b; The Herald Aug. 1997b, 36).

9 August

The Punjab government asks the central government to send paramilitary Rangers to combat rising violence after 14 people are killed in two separate incidents of sectarian violence targeting TJP members (Dawn 10 Aug. 1997a).

Mohammad Akram Shaikh, president of the Supreme Court Bar Association (SBCA), reports that the federal government has paid out approximately US$735,000 for repairs to damaged churches and buildings in Khanewal and Shantinagar, Punjab, and for compensation to victims of violence against Christians in the February 1997 disturbances (Dawn 10 Aug. 1997c). (See entries for 6 and 13 Feb. 1997).

16 August

Sindh cabinet minister Maqbool Ahmed Shaihk, head of a committee looking into false charges against MQM members by the past government, announces that 800 cases of politically motivated charges "of a petty nature" against MQM members had been dropped, although serious charges such as murder and kidnapping would not be dismissed (Dawn 17 Aug. 1997b).

In Lahore, in anticipation of the passage of the Anti-Terrorism Bill, Law Minister Raja Besharat announces that 14 courts for speedy trial will be added to the four already operating in the province, and that over 3,000 current cases pertaining to terrorism would be transferred to the new courts (Dawn 17 Aug. 1997a).

17 August

President Farooq Leghari passes the Anti-Terrorism Bill into law, giving members of the security forces special powers to fire upon any person committing or likely to commit a terrorist act, increased powers of arrest and search without warrant, and allowing as evidence confessions to police officers of deputy superintendent rank and above (Dawn 18 Aug. 1997; ibid. 14 Aug. 1997a; ibid. 14 Aug. 1997b; The News 14 Aug. 1997). Under the new law police in terrorism cases will be forced to complete their investigations within seven days, and special courts specifically created to try suspected terrorists must come to a verdict also within seven days (ibid.). The new law is widely criticized and is quickly challenged in three provincial high courts and the Supreme Court for allegedly violating fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution (IPS 12 Sept. 1997; The Herald Sept. 1997a, 35-38; ibid. Sept. 1997b, 24-27; ibid. September 1997c, 32-34; Dawn 4 Sept. 1997). As of 24 October 1997 several petitions against the Act remained in front of the High Courts and Supreme Court (The News International 24 Oct. 1997a; ibid. 23 Oct. 1997a; ibid. 12 Oct. 1997; Dawn 22 Oct. 1997b; ibid. 16 Oct. 1997; ibid. 12 Oct. 1997a).

20 August

In the first case of its kind, Abdul Faheem Khan files charges against the Sindh police and claims damages of Rs.62.2 million (Cdn$2.12 million) for falsifying charges against him and wrongfully confining him for 155 days (DWS 21 Aug. 1997). Two police inquiries had earlier found that Khan was wrongfully detained and charged after refusing to adequately bribe two Karachi police officers (ibid.).

21 August

President Leghari issues a presidential order reducing the number of Supreme Court justices from 17 to 12 (Dawn 3 Sept. 1997; ibid. 22 Aug. 1997; The News 23 Aug. 1997). (See also the entry for 5 Sept. 1997)

In Peshawar Qazi Hussain Ahmed, head of the JI, is detained by police to prevent him from travelling to semi-autonomous tribal areas of the northwest, where under the Frontier Crime Regulations political activity is banned (AFP 21 Aug. 1997). JI members stage violent demonstrations and Ahmed is released after 20 hours and returns to his hometown of Nowshera, 40 km south of Peshawar (ibid.).

22-25 August

Indian and Pakistani troops exchange fire across the Line of Control between Pakistan-held Azad Kashmir and Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir (Dawn 28 Aug. 1997; ibid. 27 Aug. 1997; The Times of India 25 Aug. 1997). Indian army officials claim up to 70 Pakistani troops are killed along with three Indian soldiers, but Pakistani army officials deny the reports, claiming instead that five Pakistani civilians were killed in "unprovoked firing" by the Indian army (ibid.).

5 September

Sajjad Ali Shah, chief justice of Pakistan, suspends the president's order to reduce the number of Supreme Court justices from 17 to 12 (DWS 6 Sept. 1997; Dawn 3 Sept. 1997). The interim order comes after a petition by the Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA), which argues that cutting the number of Supreme Court judges would impair the fundamental right to timely justice (ibid.). (See also the entry for 21 Aug. 1997)

8 September

Five hundred haris (bonded farm labourers) from rural Sindh march in Karachi to protest and publicize their plight: whole families working long hours in exploitative conditions to pay off debts owed to landowners, with defaulters often being held in the landowners' private jails (Dawn 9 Sept. 1997; AFP 8 Sept. 1997).

13 September

In Faisalabad, Punjab, police arrest Malik Mohamed Ishaq, leader of the militant Sunni group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (AFP 14 Sept. 1997; ibid. 18 Sept. 1997; Dawn 19 Sept. 1997). Ishaq had been wanted for months in connection with attacks on Shi'i leaders and the 7 May 1997 killing of Gujranwala, Punjab Senior Superintendent of Police Mohammad Ashraf Marth (AFP 14 Sept. 1997). (See also entry for 7 May 1997)

15 September

In Karachi police baton-charge a procession of 300 journalists protesting acts of allegedly politically motivated violence and obstructionism against several newspapers in the interior of Sindh province (Dawn 16 Sept. 1997). A number of journalists are injured in the incident and three supervising police officers are later suspended (ibid.). (See also entries for 29 June 1995 and 19-23 Dec. 1995)

17 September

In Rawalpindi five Iranian aviation cadets training in Pakistan are ambushed in their car and killed along with their driver (Dawn 18 Sept. 1997; ibid. 19 Sept. 1997; AFP 18 Sept. 1997). The underground Sunni militant group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi claims responsibility, saying the attack is in retaliation for alleged Iranian support of Shi'i militant groups in Pakistan and demanding that authorities release Lashkar leader Malik Mohamed Ishaq (Dawn 19 Sept. 1997; AFP 18 Sept. 1997). On 18 October three men are arrested for the killings, with the investigation continuing (The News International 18 Oct. 1997; Dawn 20 Oct. 1997).

21 September

The MQM(H) announces it will open an office in London (Dawn 22 Sept. 1997a). In reaction, the leader of the rival MQM(A) Altaf Hussain, who maintains an office in exile in London, declares that "death squads" associated with the MQM(H) and secret Pakistani government agencies have been sent to London to murder him (Dawn 23 Sept. 1997).

Tehmina Daultana, the State Minister for Women Development, Social Work and Special Education, announces plans to set up crisis centres for women throughout the country (Dawn 22 Sept. 1997b). The centres will provide advice and services in the fields of health, law, education, employment, rehabilitation and economics, and will work in conjunction with private sector and social work organizations (ibid.). Two pilot projects are to be started soon (ibid.).

1 October

The International Labour Organization (ILO) announces the beginning of an 18-month programme in Sialkot to eliminate child labour from the soccer-ball stitching industry (The News International 19 Oct. 1997). With the backing of 28 leading soccer-ball exporters and such groups as World Federation of Sporting Goods Industry, UNICEF, Save the Children Fund (UK) and the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the programme is to include the building of stitching centres to improve working conditions and wages and to replace home-based work, and the provision of a social protection programme to provide alternative sources of income (ibid.).

8 October

US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright names the Kashmiri group Harakat ul-Ansar as a terrorist organization, making it illegal in the US to provide funds to the group and denying US visas to its representatives (US Department of State 8 Oct. 1997a; ibid. 8 Oct. 1997b; ibid 8 Oct. 1997c). The announcement prompts strong protests from Harakat ul-Ansar, the Pakistan government and Kashmiri groups in Pakistan (Dawn 10 Oct. 1997b; ibid. 10 Oct. 1997c; The News International 11 Oct. 1997c). Harakat ul-Ansar is suspected of involvement in the 1994 kidnapping of five western tourists in Jammu and Kashmir (The News International 9 Oct. 1997a).

10 October

In Lahore, Arif Iqbal Husain Bhatti, a former high court judge and prominent PPP leader, is killed in his office by an unknown gunman (Dawn 11 Oct. 1997; The News 11 Oct. 1997a). Bhatti had been a member of the Lahore High Court bench that acquitted Christians Salamat and Rehmat Masih of blasphemy in a February 1995 case that recieved international attention (ibid.; Dawn 11 Oct. 1997). Many death threats had been sent to Bhatti since the decision (Dawn 11 Oct. 1997; The News 11 Oct. 1997a). On 13 October lawyers in Lahore stage a strike protesting the killing of Bhatti and 13 other lawyers in the past six months (ibid.). According to the lawyers' representatives, none of the cases have been solved to date (ibid. 14 Oct. 1997; ibid. 12 Oct. 1997b; The News International 11 Oct. 1997b).

11 October

Zohra Yusuf, secretary-general of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), gives details of four recent cases of death by torture in police custody in Sindh province (Dawn 12 Oct. 1997c; see also The News International 9 Oct. 1997b). The four include labour leader Rafique Khoso in Badin, Chanesar Palari and Finyas Masih in Hyderabad, and 80 year-old M. Khan Birhamani in Jhangar, District Dadu (ibid.). Upon orders by Sindh Chief Minister Liaquat Ali Jatoi, the Dadu Senior Superintendent of Police suspends 15 police officers and 40 constables for the use of torture (The News International 11 Oct. 1997d).

12 October

In Karachi the Mohajir Qaumi Movement—Haqiqi (MQM(H)) announces that it is changing its name to Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) (Dawn 13 Oct. 1997; The News 13 Oct. 1997). MQM Chairman Afaq Ahmed also announces a party platform of defending Mohajir rights and establishing a separate urban assembly and province for Mohajirs in southern Sindh (ibid.; Dawn 13 Oct. 1997).

19 October

Justice (retd) Ghulam Mujaddid Mirza, Chief Ehtesab (accountability) Commissioner, reports that to date nearly Rs.400 million (Cdn$13.6 million) has been recovered by provincial High Courts in corruption cases, Rs.367 million (Cdn$12.5 million) from Sindh alone (Dawn 19 Oct. 1997). According to Mirza, the accountability process is proceeding with cases against allegedly corrupt officials from both the opposition and government parties (ibid.). On 10 October Abdul Tabir Ansari, Sindh zone chairman of the Human Rights Society of Pakistan, had issued a report claiming that the accountability process was being used to victimize opposition parties, particularly the PPP (The News International 10 Oct. 1997).

20 October

In Multan violence erupts between two rival Sunni factions following the torture and death of four students (Dawn 21 Oct. 1997a; The News International 21 Oct. 1997a). A curfew is imposed by the army and, by 25 October 1997, six people have been arrested in connection with the killings, including leaders of a local religious school (Dawn 23 Oct. 1997b; The News International 25 Oct. 1997c; ibid. 24 Oct. 1997d; ibid. 23 Oct. 1997c; ibid. 23 Oct. 1997d; ibid. 22 Oct. 1997a).

21 October

Six Supreme Court judges send a note to President Leghari challenging the legality of the appointment of Supreme Court Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah (The News International 21 Oct. 1997b; ibid. 22 Oct. 1997b; Dawn 21 Oct. 1997b). According to the six judges, Shah's appointment had not followed the 20 March 1996 Supreme Court ruling outlining seniority of appointments (ibid.; The News International 21 Oct. 1997b; ibid. 22 Oct. 1997b). The six judges also complain that the Chief Justice is not consulting with the body of the Supreme Court on issues of Supreme Court policy (ibid.; 21 Oct. 1997b; Dawn 21 Oct. 1997b). At the same time the power struggle between the Prime Minister and the Supreme Court Chief Justice remains unresolved (ibid.; The News International 21 Oct. 1997b; ibid. 22 Oct. 1997b). On 24 October Chief Justice Shah presses Prime Minister Sharif to accept five nominations for the Supreme Court, while Sharif announces that Parliament will enact legislation to fix the number of Supreme Court judges (The News International 24 Oct. 1997b; Dawn 24 Oct. 1997a; ibid. 24 Oct. 1997b).

The Punjab government issues orders reportedly forcing female teachers and students to wear veils and banning cultural activities for females in schools and colleges (Dawn 24 Oct. 1997c). The Joint Action Committee for Women' Rights, an umbrella group of human rights organizations, denounces the order (ibid.).

24 October

In Azad Kashmir an estimated 50,000 people form a 56km human chain from Muzaffarabad to Chakothi to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of Azad Kashmir, to protest Indian "occupation" of Kashmir and to call for a resolution of the conflict in the region (Dawn 25 Oct. 1997a; ibid. 25 Oct. 1997b; The News International 25 Oct. 1997a). The event is organized by an all-party group called the Jammu and Kashmir Solidarity Forum and is marked by other rallies throughout Pakistan (ibid.; Dawn 25 Oct. 1997a; ibid. 25 Oct. 1997b). Cross-border firing between India and Pakistan accompanies the event as well, with two civilians killed in the Kotli and Rawalakot sectors (The News International 25 Oct. 1997b).

NOTES ON SELECTED SOURCES

Various Pakistani press sources, including Dawn Wire Service (DWS), Dawn, The Herald, The Nation, The News, The Frontier Post, Pakistan Observer, Radio Pakistan Network and PTV Television Network.

This paper extensively cites various Pakistani press sources, many of them available through the Internet or through the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) operated by World News Connection (WNC). Some human rights groups have reported restrictions on freedom of the press in Pakistan, including increased government restrictions on reporting on ethnic and sectarian violence in urban areas such as Karachi during 1996 (AI Oct. 1996, 6; DWS 16 Mar. 1997). As well, this chronology outlines various problems that newspapers and journalists have encountered in reporting on sensitive issues (see for example the entries for 5 June 1995, 29 June 1995, 19-23 Dec. 1995, 24 July 1996, and 15 Sept. 1997). In general, however, the Pakistani English-language press is considered free and lively, and a valuable source of commentary and information on political and social issues in Pakistan (Country Reports 1996 1997, 1472; The World's News Media 1991, 382). However, most broadcasting is controlled by the government in Pakistan, and sources warn that radio and television news broadcasts are strictly controlled (Country Reports 1996 1997, 1472; The World's News Media 1991, 382). The Herald, an independent monthly, often produces series of articles which can be consulted for in-depth coverage of issues mentioned only briefly in this paper, such as the implications of the August 1997 Anti-Terrorism Act (September 1997), the February 1997 national and state elections (March 1997), and the treatment of prisoners in Pakistan's prisons (September 1996).

Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP).

The independent Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) produces a comprehensive annual report covering a wide range of human rights issues in Pakistan including law and order and the conduct of law-enforcement agencies, legal recourse, freedom of religion, the rights of minorities, women and children, freedom of expression and issues surrounding forced labour (HRCP 1996). Besides monitoring and publicizing human rights issues, the HRCP is also engaged in legal advocacy (ibid.).

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Agence France Presse (AFP). 20 January 1997. "Jailed Leaders Freed on Parole Ahead of Pakistan Polls." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 13 December 1996. "Police, Hundreds of Moslem Fundamentalists Clash in Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 24 Dec. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 24)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 24 November 1996. "11 Pakistani Villagers Killed in Tribal Vendetta." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 3 Dec. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 21)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 27 October 1996. "Pakistani Fundamentalists Vow Further Protest after Police Foil March." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 29 September 1996. "Pakistani Women Demonstrate as Court Bans Love Marriages." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 8 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 13)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 16 September 1996. "Religious Schools Closed in Pakistani Tribal Town After 97 Killing." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 24 Sept. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 11)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 22 July 1996. "Pakistan: Terrorist Bomb Blast at Lahore Airport." (FBIS-NES-96-141 22 July 1996, p. 86)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 21 July 1996. "Opposition Strike Cripples Life in Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 30 July 1996, Vol. 12, No. 3)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 9 May 1996. Sami Zubeiri. "Criticism Mounts Against Bhutto as Bombs Rock Key Pakistani Province." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 21 May 1996, Vol. 11, No. 19)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 8 May 1996. "Pakistan: 7 Killed, 40 Injured in Bus Bombing Near Lahore." (FBIS-NES-96-090 8 May 1996/WNC)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 28 April 1996. "Pakistan: Powerful Bomb Kills 37, Injures Dozens on Bus in Lahore." (FBIS-TOT-96-015 28 Apr. 1996/WNC)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 16 April 1996. "Imran Khan Enters Pakistan's Political Pitch." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 12 April 1996. Quatrina Hosain. "Ritual Killings for Extramarital Sex on the Rise in Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 11 February 1996. "40 Injured in Violence During Memorial Rallies in Pakistani Kashmir." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 20 Feb. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 6)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 21 January 1996. "Strike in Karachi After 12 Killings." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 30 Jan. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 3)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 18 January 1996a. "'Powerful' Bomb in Lahore Library Injures 23." (FBIS-NES-96-012 18 Jan. 1996, pp. 87-88)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 18 January 1996b. "Bomb Blast Injures Five in Pakistani Pharmacy." (FBIS-NES-96-013 19 Jan. 1996, p. 83)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 15 January 1996. "Four Killed in Karachi Violence, January Death Toll Reaches 66." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23 Jan. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 2)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 26 December 1995. "Afghanistan 'Regrets' Expulsion of Diplomat by Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 22 December 1995. "'Act of Highly-Trained Terrorists'." (FBIS-NES-95-246 22 Dec. 1995, pp. 54-55)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 19 November 1995. Hervé Clerc. "Attentat meurtrier contre l'ambassade d'Egypte à Islamabad." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 14-20 Nov. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 20)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 15 October 1995. Owair Tohld. "Karachi 'Target Killings' Spread to Police Families." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 10-16 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 15)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 12 October 1995. "General Strike Paralyses Large Areas of Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 10-16 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 15)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 25 June 1995. "56 morts depuis vendredi à Karachi." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 29 May 1995. "Religious Scholars Banned from Pakistan's Troubled South." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23-29 May 1995, Vol. 9, No. 21)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 27 May 1995. "Strike in Protest of Revised Blasphemy Law Cripples Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23-29 May 1995, Vol. 9, No. 21)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 22 May 1995. "Police Attacked with Missiles as Karachi Violence Leaves 45 Dead." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 16-22 May 1995, Vol. 9, No. 20)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 27 April 1995. "Pakistan Denies Child Labor Activist Killed for Crusade, Religion." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 25 Apr. - 1 May 1995, Vol. 9, No. 17)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 15 March 1995. "Bhutto Brother Forms Faction in Ruling Party." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 8 March 1995. "Two US Diplomats Shot Dead in Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 7-13 Mar. 1995, Vol. 9, No. 10)

All-India Radio [New Delhi, in English]. 2 July 1996. "All-India Radio Commentary on Alleged Poll-Rigging in Azad Kashmir." (BBC Summary 3 July 1996/NEXIS)

Al-Musawwar [Cairo, in Arabic]. 29 March 1996. "Pakistan: Defendants in Egyptian Embassy Bombing Reportedly Released." (FBIS-NES-96-063 1 Apr. 1996, p. 79)

Amnesty International (AI). 11 August 1997. "Pakistan: Law and Order Concerns Must Not Override Citizens' Fundamental Rights." (AI Index: ASA 33/29/97). [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org/news/1997/33302997.htm) [Accessed 26 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). 24 July 1997. "Pakistan: Persecution of Ahmadis Continues." (AI Index: ASA 33/25/97). [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org/news/1997/33302597.htm) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). June 1997. "Pakistan: Time to Take Human Rights Seriously." [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). 1997. Amnesty International Report 1997. London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 5 November 1996. "Pakistan: Amnesty International Calls on Caretaker Government of Prime Minister Meraj Khalid to Restore Human Rights." (AI Index: 33/15/96). [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). October 1996. "Pakistan: Journalists Harassed for Exposing Abuses." (AI Index: 33/11/96). [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). September 1996. Pakistan: The Death Penalty. (AI Index: ASA 33/10/96). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 28 June 1996. Pakistan: Arbitrary Arrest of Political Activists Before Elections in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. (AI Index: ASA33/05/96) [Internet] (URL:http://www.oil.ca//amnesty/news/1996/33300596.htm) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). February 1996a. "Pakistan: The Death Penalty." (AI Index: ASA 33/01/96). [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). February 1996b. "Pakistan: Human Rights Crisis in Karachi." (AI Index ASA/33/01/96). [Internet] (URL:http://www.amnesty.org) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Amnesty International (AI). 18 April 1995. "Pakistan: Another Ahmadi Deliberately Killed by Islamists." (AI Index: ASA 23/10/95). London: Amnesty International.

Asian Survey [Berkeley, Calif.]. February 1997. Vol. 37, No. 2. Robert LaPorte, Jr. "Pakistan in 1996."

Asia Times [Los Gatos, Calif.]. 23 July 1996. Kamal Siddiqi. "Bhutto Sells Pakistan in Seoul." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 24 October 1996. Kathy Gannon. "Eleven Policemen Blamed in Death of Bhutto's Brother." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 18 November 1995. "Christian's Death in Police Custody Triggers Inquiry." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 22 May 1995. Zahid Hussain. "Eight Killed as Strike Paralyzes Karachi." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 10 April 1995. "Mob Kills Member of Minority Religious Group." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 15 March 1995. Zahid Hussain. "Benazir Bhutto's Brother Launches Rival Party." (NEXIS)

The Bangladesh Observer [Dhaka]. 19 November 1996. "Corruption Charges: Pak Law Offers Offenders Immunity for Confession." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 10 Dec. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 22)

The Bangladesh Observer [Dhaka]. 13 August 1995. "Militia, Tribals Clash in Peshawar, 8 Killed."

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1996. 1997. United States Department of State. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1995. 1996. United States Department of State. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Current History [Philadelphia]. April 1996. Ahmed Rashid. "Pakistan: Trouble Ahead, Trouble Behind."

Dawn [Karachi]. 25 October 1997a. "Over 50,000 Form Human Chain in AJK." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 26 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 25 October 1997b. "Thousands Form Human Chain from Wagah to Shahdara." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 26 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 24 October 1997a. Ihtashamul Haque. "Parliament Alone Can Fix Number of Judges: PM." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 24 October 1997b. Rafaqat Ali. "CJ Sticks to his Stand." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 24 October 1997c. "HR Bodies Slate Purdah Orders by Punjab Govt." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 23 October 1997a. "LHC Stays Holding of CSS Exam." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 23 October 1997b. "Army Called Out in Multan to Check Violence." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 22 October 1997a. Faraz Hashmi. "Accord Not Implemented, MQM Team Tells Nawaz." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 22 October 1997b. "SC Takes up Vires of Anti-terrorism Law Tomorrow." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 21 October 1997a. "Four Students Shot Dead in Multan." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 21 October 1997b. "Six SC Judges Vhallenge CJ's Appointment." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 20 October 1997. "Iranian Cadets: Accused to be Produced in Court." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 19 October 1997. Ashraf Mumtaz. "Ehtesab Process Not One-sided, says CEC." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 16 October 1997. "Anti-terrorist Law Challenged in Supreme Court." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 14 October 1997. "Lawyers in Punjab Observe Strike." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 13 October 1997. "Afaq Drops 'Haqiqi' From Party Name, Seeks Fresh Polls." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 12 October 1997a. "Anti-terrorism Act Challenged in Shariat Court." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 12 October 1997b. "Lawyers to Observe Strike Tomorrow." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 12 October 1997c. "HRCP Concerned at Deaths by Torture." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 11 October 1997. Sajid Iqbal. "Former LHC Judge Gunned Down in Lahore." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 10 October 1997a. "Parliament's Power to Amend Law Challenged." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 10 October 1997b. Hasan Akhtar. "Pakistan Rejects US Charges." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 10 October 1997c. "Harakat-ul-Ansar Condemns US Decision." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 23 September 1997. "MQM Says Death Squad Sent to Kill Altaf." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 22 September 1997a. "Haqiqi to Open Offices in UK." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 25 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 22 September 1997b. "Govt plans Crisis Centres for Women." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 25 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 19 September 1997. "Security at Iranian Missions Beefed-Up." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 25 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 18 September 1997. "5 Iranian Cadets Killed in Ambush." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 25 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 16 September 1997. "Newspaperman Baton-Charged." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23 Sept. 1997, Vol. 14, No. 11)

Dawn [Karachi]. 9 September 1997. "Haris March on Karachi, Explain Sufferings." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 11 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 4 September 1997. H.A. Hamied. "Anti-Terrorism Act Challenged." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 4 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 3 September 1997. "SC Lawyers Seek Interim Order." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 4 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 28 August 1997. "LoC Quiet After Four-Day Artillery Duel." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 4 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 22 August 1997. "President Fixes SC's Strength at 12." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 4 Sept. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 18 August 1997. Raja Zulfikar. "President Okays Anti-terrorism Bill into Act." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 19 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 17 August 1997a. "14 Special Courts in Punjab Soon." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 19 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 17 August 1997b. "800 Cases Against MQM Men Withdrawn." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 19 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 14 August 1997a. "Text of the Anti-terrorism Act." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 14 August 1997b. "Parliament Gives LEAs Shoot-to-kill Power." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 10 August 1997a. "Punjab Deploys Rangers as 14 More Killed." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 12 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 10 August 1997b. "Over 747,632 Cases Pending in Country's Courts." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 12 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 10 August 1997c. "Minorities' Rights Assured." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 12 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 9 August 1997. "PLC Wants End to Bar Fetters, Whipping." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 12 Aug. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 5 August 1997a. "Text of Law Commission's Report on Judicial System." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 12 Aug. 1997, Vol. 14, No. 5)

Dawn [Karachi]. 5 August 1997b. "Punjab Sectarian Violence Claims 14 Lives." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 12 Aug. 1997, Vol. 14, No. 5)

Dawn [Karachi]. 4 July 1997. "92 More TJP, SSP Activists Arrested." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 4 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 3 July 1997a. "Imam of Mosque Shot Dead in Lahore." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 3 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 3 July 1997b. "264 More Held in Crackdown on Sectarian Activists." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 3 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 2 July 1997. "11 Freed as Minister Raids Police Station." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15 July 1997, Vol. 14, No. 1)

Dawn [Karachi]. 27 June 1997. "AJK Strike Clashes Leave Two Dead." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 27 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 25 June 1997. "Five Fall Victim to Sectarian Violence." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 25 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 19 June 1997. "9 More Killed in Karachi Violence." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 19 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 18 June 1997. "Altaf Orders Closure of All MQM Offices." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 18 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 11 June 1997. "Many Matters Left Undecided in Tribunal Report: Zafar." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 11 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 9 June 1997a. H.A. Hamied. "Tribunal Terms Mir's Murder Extra-judicial." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 9 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 9 June 1997b. "Suddle Arrested." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 9 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 7 June 1997. "Five MQM Workers Killed, 3 Wounded." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 7 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 13 May 1997. "Ex-Chief of Punjab SSP Arrested." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 13 May 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 8 May 1997. "Murder Case Against Azam Tariq, Riaz Basra." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 7 May 1997a. Akram Malik. "SSP, Driver Shot Dead in Gujranwala." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 7 May 1997b. "Azam Tariq Arrested." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 19 March 1997. "PM Asks Centre, Provinces to Identify Rogue Officials." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 19 Mar. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 26 February 1997. "1486 Sectarian Group Men Held in Punjab." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 26 Feb. 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 12 February 1997. "Pakistan: Authorities Urged to Prevent Escalation of Violence." (FBIS-NES-97-030 12 Feb. 1997/WNC)

Dawn [Karachi]. 24 July 1996a. "Security Flaws to be Removed: President Sees Indian Hand in Explosions." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 24 July 1996b. Nasir Jamal. "Blast Follow-up: Vigilance Enhanced at Airport." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 23 July 1996a. "Four Killed in Lahore Airport Bomb Blast." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 23 July 1996b. "10 Injured in Sarghoda Explosion." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 23 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 21 July 1996. "JI Kicks Off Anti-Govt Train March." [Internet] (http://dawn.com) [Accessed 21 July 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 15 July 1996. "Removal of MQM(H) Camp Leads to Violence." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 30 July 1996, Vol. 12, No. 3)

Dawn [Karachi]. 25 June 1996. Nasir Malick. "Troops Called Out: 2 Die, Many Hurt as JI Protestors, Police Clash." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 25 June 1997]

Dawn [Karachi]. 24 June 1996. Ahmad Hassan. "Curfew in Gilgit Continues." [Internet] (URL:http://dawn.com) [Accessed 24 June 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 6 September 1997. Rafaqat Ali. "SC Suspends Order to Cut Its Strength." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 9 Sept. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 21 August 1997. H.A. Hamied. "Man Claims Damages for Illegal Detention." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 25 Aug. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 26 July 1997. Sajid Iqbal. "Punjab Launches Elite Police Force Scheme." [Internet] (URL: [email protected]) [Accessed 1 Aug. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 6 July 1997a. "KESC Chief, Gunmen & Driver Killed in Ambush." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 7 July 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 6 July 1997b. "Asif Zardari, 21 Others Indicted." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 6 July 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 28 June 1997. Raja Zulfikar. "Killings to be Probed by Judicial Commission." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 2 July 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 17 April 1997. "Appointments No More to be Made on Quota Basis: SC." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 20 Apr. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 5 April 1997. "President Signs Bill Clipping His Powers." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 14 Apr. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 2 April 1997. "President's Powers Clipped." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 5 Apr. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 24 Mar. 1997. Omar Kureishi. "It Takes Two to Tango." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 28 Mar. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 8 March 1997. Nasir Malick. "Death for Possession of Illicit Weapons." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 13 Mar. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 7 March 1997. "Cabinet Okays Laws for Public Help in Ehtesab." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 13 Mar. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 28 February 1997. "Five Killed in Lahore Blast, Firing on Mosque." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 3 Mar. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 7 February 1997. "Army Deployed in Khanewal after Rioting." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 14 Feb. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 30 January 1997. Nasir Malick. "SC Upholds Dissolution of NA, Govt's Ouster." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 31 Jan. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 21 January 1997. "Accused in Lahore Blast Confesses." 19 January 1997. "19 Killed As Bomb Explodes Outside Lahore Court." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 31 Jan. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 19 January 1997. Intkhab Hanif. "19 Killed As Bomb Explodes Outside Lahore Court." [Internet] (URL:[email protected]) [Accessed 25 Jan. 1997]

Dawn Wire Service (DWS). 10 January 1997. "CDNS to Formalise President's Role." [Internet] (URL:[email protected])

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 4 September 1997. "Three Killed in Karachi Violence." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 16 Sept. 1997, Vol. 14, No. 16)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 28 July 1997. "Pakistani Province Sets Up Elite Police Force to Fight Crime." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 6 Aug. 1997, Vol. 14, No. 14)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 26 July 1997. "Pakistan Ethnic Party Changes Name to Broaden Base." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 22 February 1997. "Shiite Moslem Leader Shot Dead in Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 28 August 1996. "Pakistan Sees 354 'Family Honour' Killings in Two Years." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 10 Sept. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 9)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 16 January 1996. "Court Martial Rejects Pakistan Army Officers' Plea for Open Trial." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 22 May 1995. "Nineteen Killed in Violence as Strike Paralyses Karachi." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 17 April 1995. "Terrorists Strike Karachi Again, Seven Shot to Death..." (NEXIS)

The Economist [London]. 8 February 1997. "Asia: All Change, or No Change, in Pakistan?" (NEXIS)

The Europa World Year Book 1996. 1996. London: Europa Publications Ltd.

Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER) [Hong Kong]. 18 April 1996. Ahmed Rashid. "Pakistan: Rule of Law: Court Cuts Government's Power to Appoint Judges."

Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER) [Hong Kong]. 19 October 1995. Ahmed Rashid. "Pakistan: The Hunters Hunted: Terrorists Target Karachi Police and Their Families." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 24-30 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 17)

The Frontier Post [Peshawar, in English]. 4 February 1997. "Pakistan: Ban on Female Voters in FATA: Turnout Very Low." (FBIS-NES-97-024 4 Feb. 1997/WNC)

The Frontier Post [Peshawar, in English]. 14 December 1996. "Pakistan: Editorial Welcomes Decision on Tribal Area Representatives." (FBIS-NES-96-244 14 Dec. 1996/WNC)

The Globe and Mail [Toronto]. 9 August 1997. John Stackhouse. "Muslim Sectarian War Shakes Pakistan's Stability."

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1997a. Aamer Ahmed Khan. "Meanwhile, Back at the Police Station."

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1997b. Idrees Bakhtiar. "Licence to Kill?"

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1997c. Idrees Bakhtiar. "Legal Minefield."

The Herald [Karachi]. August 1997a. Idrees Bakhtiar. "Shock after Shock."

The Herald [Karachi]. August 1997b. Aamer Ahmed Khan. "Moving Targets."

The Herald [Karachi]. July 1997. Idrees Bakhtiar. "Return of the Death Squads."

The Herald [Karachi]. March 1997a. Aamer Ahmed Khan. "The Anatomy of a Landslide."

The Herald [Karachi]. March 1997b. "Wheels Within Deals."

The Herald [Karachi]. March 1997c. Zaigham Khan. "Vicious Cycle."

The Herald [Karachi]. October 1996a. Hasan Iqbal Jafri. "Who Killed Murtaza Bhutto?" (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 3 Dec. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 21)

The Herald [Karachi]. October 1996b. Idrees Bakhtiar. "Passing the Buck." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 3 Dec. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 21)

The Herald [Karachi]. October 1996c. Zaigham Khan. "The Fanatics Strike Back." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 3 Dec. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 21)

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1996a. Firuza Pastakia. "The Gates of Hell." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 14)

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1996b. Ali Hassan. "Judgement Day." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 14)

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1996c. Hassan Jafri. "Inhuman Bondage." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 14)

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1996d. Hasan Iqbal Jafri. "In the Belly of the Beast." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 14)

The Herald [Karachi]. September 1996e. Aamer Ahmed Khan. "Playing with Fire."

The Herald [Karachi]. May 1996. May 1996. Ghulam Hasnain. "Day of the Terrorist." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 11 June 1996, Vol. 11, No. 22)

The Herald [Karachi]. April 1996. Mukjtar Paras. "Chain Reaction." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 7 May 1996, Vol. 11, No. 17)

The Herald [Karachi]. December 1995. December 1995. Suroosh Irfani. "Shackled Minds." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 16 Jan. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 1)

The Herald [Karachi]. November 1995. Zaffar Abbas. "The Coup That Wasn't."

The Hindu [New Delhi]. 5 April 1997. P.S. Suryanarayana. "Leghari Gives Assent to Amendment Bill." (NEXIS)

Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP). 1996. State of Human Rights in 1996. Lahore: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.

Human Rights Watch (HRW). December 1996. Human Rights Watch World Report 1997. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1996. Human Rights Watch World Report 1996. New York: Human Rights Watch.

India Abroad [Toronto]. 11 July 1997. "Pakistan: Bhutto's Husband Indicted in Murtaza's Death." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 29 July 1997, Vol. 14, No. 3)

India Abroad [Toronto]. 5 July 1996. "PPP Wins POK Election." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23 July 1996, Vol. 12, No. 12)

India Abroad [Toronto]. 28 June 1996. Sanjay Suri. "Hundreds Reported Detained in POK Marches." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 9 July 1996, Vol. 11, No. 26)

India Abroad [Toronto]. 15 December 1995. Sanjay Suri. "Kin of Mohajir Leader Are Found Murdered." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 26-31 Dec. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 25)

India Today [Delhi]. 15 May 1996. Zahid Hussain. "Explosive Fallout." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 28 May 1996, Vol. 11, No. 20)

India Today [Delhi]. 15 July 1995. Muhammed Hasif. "City of Death." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 18-24 July 1995, Vol. 10, No. 3)

International Freedom of Expression Exchange Clearing House (IFEX). 4 January 1996. "Widespread Attacks on Sindhi-Language Newspaper." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23 Jan. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 2)

International Freedom of Expression Exchange Clearing House (IFEX). 1 November 1995. "Pakistan: Newspaper Offices Attacked." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 31 Oct. - 6 Nov. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 18)

International Freedom of Expression Exchange Clearing House (IFEX). 25 September 1995. "Pakistan: Journalist Zafaryab Ahmad Released on Bail." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 26 Sept.- 2 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 13)

International Herald Tribune [Neuilly-sur-Seine, France]. 3 April 1996. John F. Burns. "Officers' Trial Raises Doubts About a Coup in Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 1997. "Pakistan." [Internet] (URL:http:\\www.ipu.org) [Accessed 9 Sept. 1997]

Inter Press Service (IPS). 12 September 1997. Tehmina Ahmed. "Pakistan-Rights: Anti-Terrorist Act Draws Flak." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23 Sept. 1997, Vol. 14, No. 11)

Inter Press Service (IPS). 27 May 1997. Beena Sarwar. "Pakistan-Religion: Sectarian Tensions Erupt in Killings." (NEXIS)

Inter Press Service (IPS). 16 October 1996. Amir Mir. "Pakistan—Human Rights: Can a Muslim Woman Choose Her Partner?" (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 29 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 16)

Inter Press Service (IPS). 2 August 1996. Amir Mir. "Pakistan—Child Labor: Contractors to be Arrested, Says Govt." (NEXIS)

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. February 1997. Vol. 43, No. 2. "Pakistan: Muslim League Election Victory."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. January 1997a. Vol. 43, No. 1. "Pakistan: Formation of National Security Council."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. January 1997b. Vol. 47, No. 1. "Supreme Court Ruling on Bhutto Dismissal."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. December 1996. Vol. 42, No. 12. "Murder Charges Against Zardari."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. November 1996. Vol. 42, No. 11. "Pakistan: Dismissal of Bhutto Government — Appointment of Caretaker Government."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. October 1996. Vol. 42, No. 10. "Pakistan: Anti-government Protests."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. December 1995. Vol. 41, No. 12. "Pakistan: Charges Against Suspected Coup Plotters."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. October 1995a. Vol. 41, No. 10. "Pakistan: Reported Coup Attempt — Rocket Attack on Sind Government Headquarters."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. October 1995b. "Approval of Human Rights Ministry."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. May 1995. "Pakistan: Escalating Violence in Karachi — Renewed Controversy Over Blasphemy Law."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. April 1995a. "Murder of Child Activist."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. April 1995b. "Killing of U.S. Murder Suspects."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. March 1995. "Pakistan: New Political Party."

Kyodo News International. 7 April 1997. "Pakistan's Parliament Clips Presidential Powers." (NEXIS)

Libération [Paris]. 28 October 1996. "Benazir Bhutto sous pression islamiste."

Libération [Paris]. 26-27 October 1996. "Benazir Bhutto dans la tourmente."

Libération [Paris]. 25 October 1996. "Pakistan: onze policiers arrêtés." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 5 Nov. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 17)

Libération [Paris]. 21 March 1996. "Des écoliers enchainés libérés au Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 2 Apr. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 12)

Libération [Paris]. 23-24 December 1995. "Le nouveau bilan de l'attentat à la voiture piégée de Peshawar s'élève à au moins 60 morts." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 26-31 Dec. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 25)

Manchester Guardian Weekly [London]. 17 March 1996. Suzanne Goldenberg. "Police Role in Karachi Terror." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 16 Apr. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 14)

Le Monde [Paris]. 21 August 1995. Bobin Frederic. "Le combat contre le travail des enfants s'essoufle au Pakistan: Les conservateurs reviennent en force quatre mois après le meurtre du jeune militant Iqbal Massih." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15-21 Aug. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 7)

The Nation [Islamabad, in English]. 7 May 1997a. "Azam Tariq Arrested." [Internet] (URL:http://brain.brain.net.pk/nation) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

The Nation [Islamabad, in English]. 7 May 1997b. M. Babar. "SSP Gujranwala Gunned Down." [Internet] (URL:http://brain.brain.net.pk/nation) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

The Nation [Islamabad, in English]. 2 January 1997. "Pakistan: Khyber Agency—Sub-Clan Elders Oppose Women's Vote." (FBIS-NES-97-002 2 Jan. 1997/WNC)

The Nation [Islamabad, in English]. 20 Nov. 1996. "Pakistan: MYC Protests Appointment of Qadiani Minister in Sindh." (FBIS-NES-96-226 20 Nov. 1996/WNC)

The Nation [Islamabad, in English]. 25 December 1995. Fahd Hussain. "Consul Regrets Expulsion." (FBIS-NES-95-247 26 Dec. 1995, pp. 99-100)

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 23 August 1997. "Curtailing Number of Judges Echoes in NA." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews) [Accessed 4 Sept. 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 14 August 1997. Shakil Shaikh. "Parliament Approves Anti-Terrorism Bill Amidst Protest; Opposition Lambasts Bill, Walks Out; Law-Enforcement Agencies Get Sweeping Powers; Civil Armed Forces, Armed Forces Can Be Called." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews) [Accessed 14 Aug. 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 14 July 1997. Tariq Butt. "Govt to Set Up 90 More Anti-Terrorist Courts." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 29 July 1997, Vol. 14, No. 3)

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 18 June 1997a. "Altaf Orders Closure of All MQM Offices." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 18 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 18 June 1997b. Jaffer Rizvi. "Violence Claims 63 Lives in First Fortnight of June." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 18 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 16 June 1997a. "Karachi Crime." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 16 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 16 June 1997b. "Four Killed in Ambush Were MQM Activists." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 16 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 16 June 1997c. Anwar Ahmad. "Murtaza Murder Mystery." [Internet] (URL: http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 16 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 12 June 1997a. "Lawyers Strike to Condemn Colleague's Murder." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 12 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 12 June 1997b. "Terror Again." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 12 June 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 11 May 1997. Mayed Ali. "Pakistan: Police Round Up of SSP Activists Continuing." (FBIS-NES-97-133 11 May 1997/WNC)

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 7 May 1997a. Jaffer Rizvi. "104 Murdered, Millions Looted During Four Months." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 7 May 1997b. "SSP Gujranwala Gunned Down." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 7 May 1997c. "Entry of 30 Ulema into Kohat District Banned." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 7 May 1997d. "Entry of 21 Ulema in Sindh Banned." [Internet] (URL:http://www.jang-group.com/thenews/thenews) [Accessed 7 May 1997]

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 11 March 1997. "PPP (SB) Official: MQM-PML Agreement 'Anti-Sindh'." (FBIS-NES-97-070 11 Mar. 1997/WNC)

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 20 February 1997. Javed Jaidi. "Pakistan: PML, MQM Reach Agreement on Power Sharing." (FBIS-NES-97-034 20 Feb. 1997/WNC)

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 1 December 1996. "Pakistan: Party Activists Burn Cars in Protest Against Sindh Cabinet." (FBIS-NES-96-232 1 Dec. 1996/WNC)

The News [Islamabad, in English]. 14 May 1996. Rana Mubashir. "Pakistan: Law Enforcement Agencies on Alert Following Punjab Bombings." (FBIS-NES-96-094 13 May 1996/WNC)

The News International [Karachi]. 25 October 1997a. "Human Chain Expresses Solidarity with Kashmiris." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 26 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 25 October 1997b. "Two Killed in AJK by Indian Firing." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 26 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 25 October 1997c. "Multan Killings: Six Arrested." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 26 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 24 October 1997a "Anti-Terrorism Act Passed in Hurry: CJ." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 24 October 1997b. "Parliament to Determine SC's Strength, Says Nawaz." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 24 October 1997c. Mariana Baabar. "Who is the Real Loser?" [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 24 October 1997d. "Troops Return to Barracks." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 24 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 23 October 1997a. "Petition Challenging ATC Kept Pending by PHC." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 23 October 1997b. Prof. Khalid Mahmud. "Needless Showdown." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 23 October 1997c "Troops Called Out in Tense Multan." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 23 October 1997d. "Unattended Dangers." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 22 October 1997a. "Curfew Imposed on Multan." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 22 October 1997b. Nasir Iqbal. "6 Judges Send Joint Note to President." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 21 October 1997a. "Four Students of Deeni Madaris Shot Dead." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 21 October 1997b. "Six SC Judges Again Requisition Full Court: 'CJ's Appointment Contrary to March 20 Verdict'." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 19 October 1997. "Plan for Elimination of Child Labour Being Implemented." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 18 October 1997. Mohammad Asghar. "Three Arrested for Iranian Cadets' Murder." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 15 October 1997. "LHC Awards Death to Mehram Ali." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 13 October 1997. "Haqiqi Changes Name to Mohajir Qaumi Movement: Afaq Demands Re-election; Southern Sindh Province." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 12 October 1997. "Anti-terrorism Act Challenged in Shariat Court." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 11 October 1997a. "Former LHC Judge Arif Bhatti Gunned Down." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 11 October 1997b. "Lawyers' Strike Against Bhatti's Murder Today." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 11 October 1997c. "Kashmir Alliance Denounces US." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 11 October 1997d. "15 Police Officers Including DSP Suspended." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 10 October 1997. "Accountability Process Based on Political Victimisation." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 9 October 1997a. Kamran Khan. "US Sees Harkat's Hand in Kashmir Kidnappings." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The News International [Karachi]. 9 October 1997b. "80-year-old Man Dies of Police Torture." [Internet] (http://www.jang-group.com/the news) [Accessed 23 Oct. 1997]

The New York Times. 30 January 1997. "High Court Finds Bhutto Corrupt, Ends Her Bid to Block Elections." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 11 Feb. 1997, Vol. 13, No. 5)

The Ottawa Citizen. 15 April 1996. John Burns. "Pakistan: Politically Motivated Bombing Kills Six at Cancer Clinic: Feuding Among Politicians Blamed for Explosion." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23 Apr. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 15)

Pakistan Observer [Islamabad, in English]. 13 March 1997. "Editorial: Rangers Should Remain in Karachi." (FBIS-NES-97-072 13 Mar. 1997/WNC)

Pakistan TV (PTV) [Islamabad, in English]. 30 October 1996. "Field Court Martial Sentences Officers for Plotting Coup in 1995." (BBC Summary 1 Nov. 1996/NEXIS)

Pakistan TV (PTV) [Islamabad, in English]. 23 July 1996. "Pakistan: President Blames 'Enemies' for Sponsoring Terrorism." (FBIS-NES-96-143 24 July 1996, p. 51)

Pakistan TV (PTV) [Islamabad, in English]. 20 January 1996. "Pakistan's Five 'Most Wanted Terrorists' Killed." (FBIS-NES-96-014 22 Jan. 1996, p. 90)

Press Trust of India (PTI). 25 June 1996. "Four Protestors Reportedly Killed by Army in 'Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir'." (BBC Summary 25 June 1996/NEXIS)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English]. 20 February 1997. "Pakistan: Muslim League, MQM To Form Sindh Coalition Government." (FBIS-NES-97-034 20 Feb. 1997/WNC)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in Urdu]. 13 February 1997. "Pakistan: Police Use Tear Gas to Disperse Christian Procession." (FBIS-NES-97-031 13 Feb. 1997/WNC)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in Urdu].11 February 1997. "Pakistan: Election Commissioner Releases Report on Poll Statistics." (FBIS-NES-97-029 11 Feb. 1997/WNC)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English] 24 June 1996. "Pakistan: Troops Reportedly Ordered to Quell Violence in Rawalpindi." (FBIS-NES-96-123 25 June 1996, p. 72)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English]. 20 March 1996a. "Pakistan: Supreme Court Asserts Authority to Appoint Judges." (FBIS-NES-96-056 20 Mar. 1996/WNC)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English]. 20 March 1996b. "Cabinet Approves Separation of Judiciary From Executive." (BBC Summary 21 Mar. 1996/NEXIS)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English]. 21 January 1996. "MQM Observes 'Partial Protest Strike' in Karachi." (FBIS-NES-96-015 23 Jan. 1996, p. 65)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English]. 19 January 1996. "Islamabad Radio Reports Bomb Blast in Lahore." (FBIS-NES-96-013 19 Jan. 1996, p. 83)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in English]. 12 August 1995. "Radio Addresses Peshwar Unrest, Reports on Clashes." (FBIS-NES-95-156 14 Aug. 1995, pp. 90-91)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in Urdu]. 22 July 1995. "Minister Views MQM 'Terrorists,' UK's 'Asylum'." (FBIS-NES-95-141 24 July 1995, p. 85)

Radio Pakistan Network. [Islamabad, in Urdu]. 25 June 1995. "Radio Reports on Continued Karachi Violence." (FBIS-NES-95-122 26 June 1996, pp. 75-76)

Radio Pakistan Overseas Service [Islamabad, in English]. 28 March 1996. "Pakistan: Bhutto—Government Accepts Ruling on Judges." (FBIS-NES-96-061 28 Mar. 1996/WNC)

Radio Pakistan Overseas Service. [Islamabad, in Urdu]. 5 July 1995. "Ban on Six Karachi Newspapers Lifted; Strike Called Off." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], Vol. 10, No. 1, 4-10 July 1995)

Reuters. 6 May 1997. Aurang Zeb. "Sectarian Link Seen in Pakistan Policeman's Murder." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 4 May 1997. Alistair Lyon. "Sunni-Shi'i Killings Raise Tension in Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 11 March 1996. Ovais Subhani. "Pakistani Forces Kill Karachi Militant." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 27 February 1997. "Bomb, Gunfire Kill Five in Pakistan's Lahore City." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 19 January 1997. Aurang Zeb. "Pakistani Protesters Burn Iranian Centre." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 18 January 1997. "Chronology of Sunni-Shi'i Violence in Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 28 Jan. 1997, Vol. 13, No. 3)

Reuters. 30 October 1996. "Pakistan Convicts Islamist Military Coup Plotters." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 24 October 1996. "Pakistan Holds 11 Police for Bhutto Brother Death." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 October 1996. "Ten Killed in Pakistani Tribal Feud." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 15 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 14)

Reuters. 29 September 1996. "Pakistan Cop Death in Bhutto Case Seen as Homicide." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 26 September 1996. Ibrahim Khan. "Opposition-led Strike Paralyses Pakistani Province." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 September 1996. "Bomb Wounds 13 Ahmadi Worshippers in Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 17 Sept. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 10)

Reuters. 18 August 1996. "Chronology of Sunni-Shi'i Violence in Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 27 Aug. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 7)

Reuters. 16 January 1996. Tahir Ikram. "Pakistan Activates Ministry for Human Rights." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 30 Jan. 1996, Vol. 11, No. 3)

Reuters. 26 May 1995. "Pakistan Boy Activist Killing Accidental Panel." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 23-29 Mar. 1995, Vol. 9, No. 21)

Reuters. 9 April 1995. "Pakistani Islamic Crowd Stones Man to Death." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 4-10 Apr. 1995, Vol. 9, No. 14)

Reuters. 15 November 1995. "Pakistani Christian Dies in Police Custody." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 24 February 1995. "Riots Erupt After Pakistanis Cleared of Blasphemy." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 21-27 Feb. 1995, Vol. 9, No. 8)

Reuters. 15 October 1995. "Pakistan Arrests Senior Army Officers." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 10-16 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 15)

Reuters. 15 March 1995. Ibrahim Khan. "Bhutto's Brother Forms Rival Faction in Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 10 March 1995. "FBI Team Arrives in Karachi to Probe Killings." [Internet]

Reuters. 7 March 1995. "Gunmen Kill Two U.S. Employees in Pakistan." [Internet]

The Times [London]. 14 February 1997. "190 Christians Held in Karachi Protest." (NEXIS)

The Times of India (New Delhi). 25 August 1997. Dinesh Kumar. "Heavy Firing Between Indian, Pakistani Troops; Many Killed in Clashes Along LoC in Kashmir." [Internet] (URL:http://www.thetimesofindia.com) [Accessed 4 Sept. 1997]

The Toronto Star. 14 February 1997. "Christians, Police Clash in Pakistan 4,000 Protest Muslim Attacks." (NEXIS)

The Toronto Star. 22 September 1996. Alistair Lyon. "Bhutto Death: Pakistan's Latest Crisis." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 1 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 12)

Transperency International (TI). 31 July 1997. "Transperency International Publishes 1997 Corruption Perception Index." [Internet] (URL:http://www.transperency.de/ press/1997.31.7.cpi.html) [Accessed 28 Aug. 1997]

Transperency International (TI). 2 June 1996. "1996 International Corruption Perecption Index Issued by Transperency International (TI)." [Internet] (URL:http://www.transperency.de/press/ 1996.6.2.cpi.html) [Accessed 28 Aug. 1997]

United Nations. Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights. 15 October 1996. (E/CN.4/1997/7/Add.2). Question of the Human Rights of All Persons Subjected to Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, in Particular: Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Nigel S. Rodley, Submitted Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/37. Addendum: Visit by the Special Rapporteur to Pakistan. [Internet] (URL: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/un/chr/chr96/country/95-add1.htm) (UNHCR Refworld)

United Nations. Economic and Social Council. 2 January 1996. (E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.1) Implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. Report Submitted by Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur, in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/23. Addendum: Visit by the Special Rapporteur to Pakistan. [Internet] (URL: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/un/chr/chr96/country/95-add1.htm) (UNHCR Refworld)

The United Press International (UPI). 12 October 1996. "Policeman Killed in Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 22 Oct. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 15)

The United Press International (UPI). 18 August 1996. Rizwan Razi. "At Least 18 Die in Pakistan Sectarian Clash." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 27 Aug. 1996, Vol. 12, No. 7)

The United Press International (UPI). 31 August 1995. Anwar Iqbal. "Pakistani Women Suffer." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 29 Aug. - 4 Sept. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 9)

The United Press International (UPI). 23 June 1995. Shahid Iqbal. "Karachi in Protest Over Rape." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 21 June 1995. Behroz Khan. "Pakistani Women Break Ban, Join Protest." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 20-26 June 1995, Vol. 9, No. 25)

The United Press International (UPI). 5 June 1995. "Police Arrest Pakistani Journalist." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 30 May - 5 June 1995, Vol. 9, No. 22)

U.S. Department of State. 8 October 1997a. "Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright Remarks on Designation of Terrorist Organizations, Washington, DC, October 8, 1997." [Internet] (http://secretary.state.gov/) [Accessed 27 Oct. 1997]

U.S. Department of State. 8 October 1997b. "Foreign Terrorist Organizations." [Internet] (http://secretary.state.gov/) [Accessed 27 Oct. 1997]

U.S. Department of State. 8 October 1997c. "Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations." [Internet] (http://secretary.state.gov/) [Accessed 27 Oct. 1997]

Voice of America (VOA). 1 April 1997. Douglas Bakshian. "Pakistan/ Powers /L." [Internet](URL:gopher://gopher.voa.gov:70/00) [Accessed 1 Apr. 1997]

Voice of America (VOA). 29 June 1995. Douglas Bakshian. "Karachi Newspapers (L)." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 27 June - 3 July 1996, Vol. 9, No. 26)

The Washington Post. 27 July 1997. Zahid Hussain. "Thousands Rally in Pakistan." [Internet] (URL:http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WAPO/19970727/V000463-072797-idx. html) [Accessed 7 Aug. 1997]

The World's News Media. 1991. Edited by Harry Drost. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group UK.

The Xinhua News Agency. 25 July 1996. "Major Items in Leading Pakistani Newspapers." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 10 December 1995. "Brother, Nephew of MQM Chief Found Dead in Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 21-27 Nov. 1996, Vol. 10, No. 21)

The Xinhua News Agency. 23 October 1995. "Armed Terrorists Attack Newspaper Office in Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 17-23 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 16)

The Xinhua News Agency. 21 October 1995. "Compensation Paid to Terrorism Victims in Karachi." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 17-23 Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No. 16)

The Xinhua News Agency. 24 July 1995. "50 MQM(A) Members Killed, 100 Arrested: Pak Minister." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 18-24 July 1995, Vol. 10, No. 3)

The Xinhua News Agency. 13 July 1995. "13 Killed in Tribal Clash in Pakistan." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 11-17 July 1995, Vol. 10, No. 2)



[1]1.           The National Assembly has 217 members in total, with 13 seats reserved for women and minorities (Keesing's Feb. 1997, 41498).

[2]2. According to Amnesty International, "The Zina Ordinance, promulgated in 1979 during President Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization drive, redefines sexual offences in Islamic terms and prescribes specific punishments in accordance with the evidence on which conviction is based" (AI June 1997). For more details please see the Amnesty International report, available at Regional Documentation Centres, and the DIRB's June 1994 Question and Answer Series paper Women in Pakistan.

[3]3.           According to the Law Commission nearly 160,000 cases are pending in the Supreme Court, four high courts and Federal Shariat Court, while the total number of cases pending the country is close to 750,000 (Dawn 10 Aug. 1997b).

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