{"id":1447,"date":"2018-10-26T10:17:45","date_gmt":"2018-10-26T10:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/?p=1447"},"modified":"2018-11-01T13:30:11","modified_gmt":"2018-11-01T13:30:11","slug":"smartphones-revolutionized-refugee-migration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/smartphones-revolutionized-refugee-migration\/","title":{"rendered":"How Smartphones and Social Media have Revolutionized Refugee Migration"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Ivy Kaplan. This blog was originally published on the Globe Post website<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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A young asylum-seeker at the CAFEMIN shelter in Mexico City.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cWater, phone, food,\u201d in that order.<\/p>\n

According to Marie Gillespie<\/b>, a sociology professor at The Open University in the United Kingdom, these are now the three most important items refugees take with them when they are unexpectedly forced to leave their homes.<\/p>\n

Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011, over 5.6 million people\u00a0<\/a>have fled the country, seeking refuge in countries within the European Union and beyond.<\/p>\n

Unlike their predecessors during World War II, today\u2019s refugees have replaced their suitcases with smartphones as they pursue their migratory journeys throughout the region.<\/p>\n

Although access to technology and media savviness varies among different groups of refugees based on income and education levels, experts have concluded that smartphones and the ability to access social media platforms through them are now an essential part of a refugee\u2019s toolkit.<\/p>\n

\u201cSocial media is hugely important at every stage of the migration journey,\u201d Aliyyah Ahad, an associate policy analyst at the Migration Policy Institute, told The Globe Post.<\/p>\n

However, the portrayal of the migration experience through social media is not always realistic and can deprive refugees of information on potential barriers they may encounter along their routes.<\/p>\n

\u2018A Dark Digital Underworld\u2019<\/b><\/h2>\n

Today, refugees use smartphones and social media platforms in five primary ways \u2013 communication, translation, information, navigation and representation \u2013 Gillespie told The Globe Post.<\/p>\n

A few key aspects within these categories deserve particular attention.<\/p>\n

The first is communication. Not only do smartphones and social media websites help refugees to keep in touch with family and friends, they also connect users to underground networks which often make this international travel possible in the first place.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn order to make that journey, you have to find an agent,\u201d Gillespie said. \u201cOf course there are legal means but they take a long time and they\u2019re very unpredictable.\u201d<\/p>\n

In these situations, refugees frequently turn to a \u201cdark digital underworld,\u201d Gillespie explained, facilitating access to agents and smugglers and allowing for communication with these figures to take place through encrypted Facebook and WhatsApp channels.<\/p>\n

During transit, social media and smartphones provide critical services as well.<\/p>\n

For many refugees, Gillespie and Ahad agreed that the concept of trust is a huge issue. With conflicting information coming from many different directions, the process of refugee migration is often a confusing one.<\/p>\n

In these circumstances, social media and Facebook groups in particular help confirm correct information and challenge ongoing rumor mills.<\/p>\n

\u201cA lot of people were using those groups in order to triangulate information between the official government sources and then more word-of-mouth sources because it wasn\u2019t clear what could be trusted and what couldn\u2019t,\u201d Ahad said.<\/p>\n

The possession of a smartphone during migration can also be valuable in itself, allowing refugees to complete mobile transactions and directly pay for their transportation expenses.<\/p>\n

\u201cA lot of monetary transactions are done over the phone now,\u201d Gillespie said. \u201cSo the smartphone in itself becomes a form of currency that\u2019s exchanged, lost, upgraded and downgraded.\u201d<\/p>\n

Even post-arrival, these technologies assume new uses and values.<\/p>\n

Because of their ability to take and store photos and videos, the smartphones and SIM cards of refugees often contain both positive memories, as well as documentary evidence of the conflict and torture they have experienced.<\/p>\n

Upon arrival in their new host-countries, these images become key in confirming their status as refugees through their archived digital passage to Europe and in remembering their past life before it was uprooted.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou can begin to see how the smartphone contains an archive of photographs, of happy times with the family, but also of the great suffering and sometimes torture and conflict that people have experienced,\u201d Gillespie said.<\/p>\n

Ahad pointed out that social media also contributes to making the processes of settlement and integration easier for refugees, allowing for informal networking to take place through outlets like popular Facebook pages and YouTube channels<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201c[Social media] is useful for connecting people and allowing them to settle in just by making them aware of what information and services are available, and also giving people an opportunity to draw on these more diffused, looser or weaker ties to find work and other important integration services,\u201d Ahad said.<\/p>\n

Inherent Dangers<\/b><\/h2>\n

Despite the myriad of ways in which social media and smartphones make a refugee\u2019s journey easier, these devices are not without their downfalls.<\/p>\n

One of these dangers is the reliance on public WiFi, which puts the invisibility that many refugees try and maintain throughout the migration process at risk.<\/p>\n

\u201cManaging their visibility and invisibility is very important because basically in order to get to Europe, they become criminalized,\u201d Gillespie said.<\/p>\n

As Gillespie\u2019s research<\/a> further points out, refugees\u2019 phones often leave digital traces through utilizing public WiFi networks and posting on social media, making them increasingly susceptible to surveillance by a variety of state actors, non-state actors and extremist groups.<\/p>\n

Potential safety concerns, especially for young women trying to access free WiFi late at night in refugee camps, as well as roaming costs when public WiFi is unavailable, represent two major setbacks refugees face in their quest for digital connectivity.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt can be difficult, particularly because when you buy a SIM card \u2013 at least before the recent changes in E.U. law traveling in Europe \u2013 you weren\u2019t guaranteed that you would have roaming in another member state,\u201d Ahad said. \u201cSo that could make it really expensive to access internet on the move.\u201d<\/p>\n

Social media users including refugees and travel agents can also portray an overly-glamorous migration experience, feeding impractical expectations to those who remain back home.<\/p>\n

\u201cSmugglers are very sophisticated advertisers and PR people,\u201d Gillespie said. \u201cSo when you go down the dark net, it is certainly the case that the smugglers and agents will portray a very highly idealized image of Europe as a place where you\u2019ll get jobs, housing, access to healthcare and that can actually feed very unrealistic expectations in refugees.\u201d<\/p>\n

Government and NGO Presence\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n

Since smartphone and social media use among refugees has skyrocketed, governments, media organizations and NGO\u2019s have now begun to meet refugees in this digital space.<\/p>\n

InfoMigrants<\/a>, a collaboration between France M\u00e9dias Monde, Deutsche Welle, the Italian press agency ANSA and the European Union, aims to combat misinformation at every point during a migrant\u2019s journey.<\/p>\n

Complemented by other NGO-run platforms like Refugee.Info<\/a>, a project that aims more specifically to help refugees exercise their legal rights, these digital services provide both broad and personalized services to those in need, countering misinformation campaigns by providing authoritative information.<\/p>\n

\u201cOnce in Europe, again, the smartphone becomes an absolutely vital tool, not only to inform themselves about shifts in migration policy and where the problems and dangers might lie \u2026 but because it can really help to fill in the big picture and counter smugglers narratives,\u201d Gillespie said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Refugees use smartphones and social media in five primary ways \u2013 communication, translation, information, navigation and representation \u2013 and despite the myriad of ways in which they make a refugee\u2019s journey easier, these tools are not without their downfalls.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":371,"featured_media":1448,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-digital-inclusion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1447","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/371"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1447"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1447\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1474,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1447\/revisions\/1474"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1448"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1447"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1447"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1447"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}