{"id":4389,"date":"2017-02-20T08:39:35","date_gmt":"2017-02-20T08:39:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/?p=4389"},"modified":"2017-07-14T07:57:04","modified_gmt":"2017-07-14T07:57:04","slug":"climate-change-induced-displacement-leveraging-transnational-advocacy-networks-to-address-operational-gaps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/climate-change-induced-displacement-leveraging-transnational-advocacy-networks-to-address-operational-gaps\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change induced displacement: Leveraging transnational advocacy networks to address operational gaps"},"content":{"rendered":"

According to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/a> (IPCC) report, \u201cFew aspects of the human endeavor\u2026are isolated from possible impacts in a changing climate. The interconnectedness of the Earth system makes it impossible to draw a confined boundary around climate change impact, adaptations, and vulnerability.\u201d1<\/sup><\/a> This includes human population displacements, which amounted to a staggering 51.2 million refugees, asylum-seekers, and internally displaced people (IDPs) in 2013.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Unfortunately, as the frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme events affecting populations are on the rise, the humanitarian aid community is stretched thin in the face of multiple complex emergencies and protracted challenges around the world.3<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Furthermore, humanitarian organizations and agencies traditionally tasked with providing relief to refugees, asylum seekers, and IDPs are hampered by normative and operational gaps unique to the climate change problem. If climate change is causing displacement across borders, how do existing legal frameworks (founded upon the right to asylum due to fear of persecution) apply in such contexts?4<\/sup><\/a> Moreover, asserting that climate change is causing displacement is a matter of debate\u2014the data, and the theories behind them, are just not clear.5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

In such a context, one question is certainly worth exploring: How can we attain a better understanding of the effects of climate change on human populations? The answer to this question will help fill some of the informational gaps\u00a0recently identified by expert practitioners<\/a> like FAO\u2019s Vincent Martin and UNHCR\u2019s Jos\u00e9 Riera, who stressed the need for scientific analysis to enhance evidence for climate-induced displacement, or for early warning and coordination.6<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Upgrading an old policy solution<\/h2>\n

Some part of the answer might be found in an older idea combined with newer technological capabilities.<\/p>\n

Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) enabled by newer monitoring technologies that can track human migrations in near real-time, might help soften the harsher effects of climate change on human populations. TANs often include international and domestic NGOs, research organizations, social movements, foundations, or branches of governments.<\/p>\n

Information exchange\u2014the ability to produce timely, granular data for decision making\u2014is one of the main assets of TANs.7<\/sup><\/a> Written in the 1990s, the original TAN research literature did not consider modern information technology, beyond an occasional reference to fax machines, email, and cheaper air travel. This, of course, is a reflection of the time it was written, right at the cusp of the digital revolution. Today, mobile phones \u2013 about 7 billion in all \u2013 are found all over the world<\/a>, including in the global south. This opens up the possibility of monitoring human migration patterns over time.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Source: DigitalGlobe\u00a0WorldView-2 Satellite Images<\/p>\n

New and plentiful data sources<\/h2>\n

Indeed, mobile phones, social media, and open-sourced data have empowered crisis mappers and digital humanitarians to offer near real-time analysis and augment situational awareness for first responders in the field. Take, for example, UNOCHA\u2019s Digital Humanitarian Network<\/a>, a collaboration of volunteer and technical communities, and the Humanitarian Data Exchange<\/a> (also pioneered by UNOHCA), an open-source web repository of the latest data being crunched by volunteer organizations, researchers, software developers, and other so-called \u201ccrisis mappers.\u201d9<\/sup><\/a> Such networks have facilitated collaborations between digital and on the ground humanitarians, improving the Ebola response<\/a>.10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\"pic

Source: DigitalGlobe\u00a0WorldView-2 Satellite Images<\/p><\/div>\n

Advanced and accessible satellites<\/h2>\n

Another technology now available to TAN organizations is commercial, high-resolution remote sensing satellites<\/a>. Since 2000, the number, technical capability, and regulatory capacity of commercial high-resolution satellites has expanded enormously.11<\/sup><\/a> Besides optical precision, another important dimension of remote sensing is \u201ctemporal resolution\u201d or \u201crevisit frequency,\u201d which refers to the length of time between a satellite or constellation of satellites\u2019 revisit to the same spot on Earth.<\/p>\n

Today, at least four commercial satellite firms are developing constellations of remote sensing \u201cCubeSats,\u201d smaller desk-sized satellites. Given its deep pockets, Google\u2019s Skybox<\/a> is probably the most likely to succeed. Although its spatial resolution is less than DigitalGlobe<\/a>\u2019s WorldView-3<\/a>, its revisit frequency is measured in hours, as it shifts one satellite to the next in the constellation or \u201cflock\u201d in orbit. It also offers remarkable high-definition video from space. Another company, Planet Labs<\/a>, is deploying a constellation of extremely small satellites called \u201cdoves.\u201d By the end of the year, a constellation of about 100 doves will scan the entire planet every 24-hours<\/a>, emphasizing a democratizing access to up-to-date satellite imagery available to journalists and NGOs around the world.<\/p>\n

The Satellite Sentinel Project<\/a> (SSP) offers an example of an evolving research agenda on the tools, methods, standards, and ethics around the use of such technologies for early warning and documentation of mass atrocities.12<\/a> <\/sup>The initiative is a clear example of how TANs using advanced civilian-sector technologies could fill some of the information gaps in the effort to monitor climate change and social unrest. This would provide additional tools and aid efforts to access data that is traditionally associated with climate change \u2013 population movements, water exploration, and the impact of climate change on local environments.
\nIt\u2019s worth asking if lessons can be learned from such contexts to inform what is possible in understanding and dealing with climate-induced displacement. One key development is the Nansen Initiative,<\/a> a state-led, bottom-up consultative process that brings together states, academic institutions, and civil society to \u201cbuild consensus on the development of a protection agenda addressing the needs of people displaced across international borders by natural hazards, including the effects of climate change.\u201d13<\/sup><\/a> What can be its political <\/em>and informational <\/em>contributions to overcome normative and operational gaps in this field? Technology creates greater awareness of population displacement due to climate change. But how that affects policy is less well understood. Future analyses must address this question.<\/p>\n

\"pic

Source: DigitalGlobe WorldView-2 Satellite Images<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Given the explosive growth in data, it seems to us that the ability to\u00a0know\u00a0<\/i>about human population displacements, even at early onset, will continue to grow. \u00a0Planet Lab\u2019s \u201cflock of doves\u201d will achieve its goal of complete global coverage in 24-hours by 2016. \u00a0On another front, growth in global mobile phone penetration will continue but also shift to Internet-enabled 3G and 4G phones in the global south. \u00a0As a result, TANs ability to monitor events in near real-time will continue to grow. \u00a0Yet knowing about a problem does not at all guarantee that something will be done about it, as the larger climate change debate attests. \u00a0What is needed is greater political will. \u00a0This is where the greater challenge lays. \u00a0Data and TANs help clarify the nature of the problem faced by populations facing the extraordinary challenges presented by climate change. Perhaps information can fuel political will.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

This blog originally appeared in the Brookings TechTank blog here.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0More TechTank posts are available here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

About the Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n

Joseph Guay is an independent consultant who has developed innovation strategies for the\u00a0Global Alliance for Humanitarian Innovation<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(GAHI), World Vision\u2019s Nepal Innovation Lab (NLab), the\u00a0Global Protection Cluster at UNHCR<\/span><\/a>, and the inter-agency\u00a0Response Innovation Lab<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(RIL) drawing from Strategic and Evidence-based Design, Local Strategies Research, and systems thinking. You can follow him on Twitter <\/a>or email him at jpguay28@gmail.com<\/span><\/p>\n

Steven Livingston is Professor of Media and International Affairs at George Washington University and a senior fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University. \u00a0In 2016 he was a visiting scholar with the Governance Studies program at Brookings in Washington, DC. You can follow him on Twitter here.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\n
\n
\n

Endnotes<\/p>\n

1\u00a0Adger, W. Neil and Juan M. Pulhin, \u201cHuman Security\u201d in IPCC report, chapter 12 in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability <\/em>(IPCC: 2014). http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar5\/wg2\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

2\u00a0Of the 51.2 million refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced people (IDPs) in 2013, 22 million people were displaced by extreme weather events and natural disasters, and the remaining 29.2 million are conflict and violence-related. See Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) \u201cGlobal Figures\u201d http:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/global-figures<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3\u00a0See Burkle et all, \u201cChanging Face of Humanitarian Crisis\u201d Brown Journal of World Affairs <\/em>Vol. XX, Issue 11 (Spring\/Summer 2014)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

4\u00a0For a targeted discussion on existing legal instruments for protection, see Maria Stavropoulou, \u201cDrowned in Definitions?\u201d in Climate Change and Displacement, ed. Marion Couldrey and Maurice Herson Forced Migration Review<\/em> Issue 31 (October 2008) accessed here: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/FMR31.pdf<\/a> ; and Vikram Kolmannskog and Lisetta Trebbi, \u201cClimate Change, Natural Disasters, and Displacement: A Multi-track Approach to Filling the Protection Gaps,\u201d in Humanitarian Debate: Law, Policy, Action, International Review of the Red Cross, <\/em>Vol. 92, no. 897, September 2010), accessed here: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/review-879-all.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

5\u00a0As the IPCC report indicates, the relationship between climate change and mobility is, for example, multi-directional and inconclusive; extreme weather conditions are not directly related to migration, as there are often other factors like socio-economic status, gender, and ethnicity that are important. Furthermore, mobility and vulnerability are not one and the same: in some cases, vulnerability is increased <\/em>by not moving, and in others, being displaced exacerbates vulnerability (for instance the financial costs incurred, or the insecurity experienced from having moved). While quantifying and understanding such relationships has been the focus of key scientific efforts such as IPCC 2014, illustrating causality has been notoriously difficult. According to the IPCC report, \u201cGiven the many and complex links between climate change and human security, uncertainties in the research on the biophysical dimensions of climate change, and the nature of social science, highly confident statements about the influence of climate change on human security are not possible\u2026\u201d See Adger et. al, \u201cHuman Security\u201d chapter 12, pp. 760.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

6\u00a0ATHA webinar: \u201cClimate Change and Displacement: Addressing Protection Gaps,\u201d (January 2015), accessed here: http:\/\/www.atha.se\/webcast\/climate-change-and-displacement-addressing-protection-gaps<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

7\u00a0Keck, Margaret E.; Sikkink, Kathryn (2014-01-03). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Kindle Locations 3625-3627). Cornell University Press. Kindle Edition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

8\u00a0Joshua E. Blumenstock, \u201cInferring Patterns of Internal Migration from Mobile Phone Call Records: Evidence from Rwanda, Information Technology for Development<\/em>, 2012,18:2, 107-125; Emilo Zagheni, Venkata Rama Kiran Garimella, Ingmar Weber, Bogdan State, \u201cInferring International and Internal Migration Patterns from Twitter Data, Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web Companion<\/em>, pp. 439-444.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

9\u00a0Meier, Patrick. Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response<\/em><\/a>, (Boca Raton, FL: Taylet & Francis Group, 2015).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

10\u00a0Guay, Joseph (2015). \u201cHow Digital Humanitarians are Improving the Ebola Response,\u201d ALNAP blog. <\/em>http:\/\/www.alnap.org\/blog\/121<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

11\u00a0In fact, a new satellite owned and operated by DigitalGlobe, WorldView-3<\/a>, will start providing imagery of anyplace on Earth this week with a remarkable 12-inch ground resolution<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

12\u00a0SSP is a cooperative humanitarian venture between rights advocates Not on Our Watch<\/a> and the Enough Project<\/a>, the United Nations UNITAR Operational Satellite Applications Program<\/a>, Digital Globe, the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative<\/a> (HHI), Google, and Trellon, LLC<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

13\u00a0Nansen Institute.\u00a0http:\/\/www.nanseninitiative.org\/organizational-structure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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